Microservices Engine:Advanced usage of MSE Ingress

Header-based canary release

Example 1: Route by header presence

When the request header mse is set to always, requests go to demo-service-canary. All other requests go to demo-service.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Route multiple canary versions by exact header value

When the header mse: v1 is present, requests go to demo-service-canary-v1. When mse: v2 is present, they go to demo-service-canary-v2. All other requests go to demo-service.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "v1"
  name: demo-canary-v1
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary-v1
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "v2"
  name: demo-canary-v2
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary-v2
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "v1"
  name: demo-canary-v1
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary-v1
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "v2"
  name: demo-canary-v2
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary-v2
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Query parameter-based canary release

Header-based and query parameter-based conditions can be combined. Requests are sent to the canary version only when both conditions match simultaneously.

Example 1: Route by query parameter value

When the URL contains canary=gray, requests go to demo-service-canary. All other requests go to demo-service.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query: "canary"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query-value: "gray"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query: "canary"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query-value: "gray"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Combine query parameter with header conditions

When the URL contains canary=gray AND the request header contains x-user-id: test, requests go to demo-service-canary. Both conditions must match.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query: "canary"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query-value: "gray"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "x-user-id"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "test"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query: "canary"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-query-value: "gray"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "x-user-id"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "test"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Cookie-based canary release

Example: When the request cookie demo=always is present, requests go to demo-service-canary. All other requests go to demo-service.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-cookie: "demo"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-cookie: "demo"
  name: demo-canary
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Weight-based canary release

Example: Distribute traffic across three versions — 30% to demo-service-canary-v1, 20% to demo-service-canary-v2, and 50% to demo-service.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-weight: "30"
  name: demo-canary-v1
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary-v1
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-weight: "20"
  name: demo-canary-v2
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary-v2
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-weight: "30"
  name: demo-canary-v1
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary-v1
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-weight: "20"
  name: demo-canary-v2
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary-v2
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Use pod labels in MseIngressConfig

Use the mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset annotation to select Pods by their OpenSergo canary labels:

• "" or base: routes to Pods without an opensergo.io/canary label prefix, or with opensergo.io/canary: "".

• Any other value (for example, gray): routes to Pods labeled opensergo.io/canary-{value}: {value} — for example, opensergo.io/canary-gray: gray.

Example: A Service named go-httpbin is backed by two Deployments. Base Pods have no OpenSergo canary label. Gray Pods have the label opensergo.io/canary-gray: gray.

Service and Deployment manifests:

# go-httpbin Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: go-httpbin
  namespace: default
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 8080
      protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app: go-httpbin
---
# Base Deployment — no OpenSergo canary label
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: go-httpbin-base
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: go-httpbin
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: go-httpbin
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/mse/go-httpbin
          args:
            - "--version=base"
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          name: go-httpbin
---
# Gray Deployment — has the OpenSergo canary label
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: go-httpbin-gray
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: go-httpbin
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: go-httpbin
        opensergo.io/canary-gray: gray
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/mse/go-httpbin
          args:
            - "--version=gray"
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          name: go-httpbin

Ingress configuration — requests with x-user-id: test go to go-httpbin-gray; all others go to go-httpbin-base:

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "x-user-id"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "test"
    # Forward to Pods labeled opensergo.io/canary-gray: gray
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: gray
  name: demo-canary
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: go-httpbin
                port:
                  number: 8080
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    # Forward to Pods without the opensergo.io/canary label prefix
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: ""
  name: demo
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: go-httpbin
                port:
                  number: 8080
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "x-user-id"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "test"
    # Forward to Pods labeled opensergo.io/canary-gray: gray
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: gray
  name: demo-canary
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: go-httpbin
              servicePort: 8080
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    # Forward to Pods without the opensergo.io/canary label prefix
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: ""
  name: demo
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: go-httpbin
              servicePort: 8080

Use custom labels

Combine mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset with mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/subset-labels to define the subset by any Pod label instead of the opensergo.io/canary prefix.

When subset-labels is set, the subset is no longer mapped to opensergo.io/canary-prefixed labels.

Example: The gray Deployment has version: gray instead of an OpenSergo label.

Service and Deployment manifests:

# go-httpbin Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: go-httpbin
  namespace: default
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 8080
      protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app: go-httpbin
---
# Base Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: go-httpbin-base
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: go-httpbin
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: go-httpbin
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/mse/go-httpbin
          args:
            - "--version=base"
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          name: go-httpbin
---
# Gray Deployment — uses a custom label instead of opensergo.io/canary
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: go-httpbin-gray
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: go-httpbin
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: go-httpbin
        version: gray
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/mse/go-httpbin
          args:
            - "--version=gray"
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          name: go-httpbin

Ingress configuration — requests with x-user-id: test go to go-httpbin-gray; all others go to go-httpbin-base:

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "x-user-id"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "test"
    # Forward to Pods labeled version: gray
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: gray
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/subset-labels: version gray
  name: demo-canary
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: go-httpbin
                port:
                  number: 8080
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: ""
  name: demo
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: go-httpbin
                port:
                  number: 8080
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "x-user-id"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "test"
    # Forward to Pods labeled version: gray
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: gray
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/subset-labels: version gray
  name: demo-canary
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: go-httpbin
              servicePort: 8080
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/service-subset: ""
  name: demo
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: go-httpbin
              servicePort: 8080

Path rewrite

Example 1: Rewrite example.com/test to example.com/dev before forwarding to the backend.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: "/dev"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: "/dev"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            pathType: Exact
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Strip the /v1 prefix — rewrite example.com/v1/xxx to example.com/xxx.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: "/$1"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /v1/(.*)
            pathType: Prefix

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: "/$1"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /v1/(.*)
            pathType: Prefix
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 3: Replace the /v1 prefix with /v2 — rewrite example.com/v1/xxx to example.com/v2/xxx.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: "/v2/$1"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /v1/(.*)
            pathType: Prefix

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: "/v2/$1"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /v1/(.*)
            pathType: Prefix
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Host rewrite

Example: Rewrite the host from example.com to test.com before forwarding example.com/test to the backend.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-vhost: "test.com"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-vhost: "test.com"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect

MSE Ingress treats both ssl-redirect and force-ssl-redirect identically — both force HTTP-to-HTTPS redirection.

Example: Redirect http://example.com/test to https://example.com/test.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Permanent redirect

Example: Permanently redirect http://example.com/test to http://example.com/app.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/permanent-redirect: "http://example.com/app"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/permanent-redirect: "http://example.com/app"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Temporary redirect

Example: Temporarily redirect http://example.com/test to http://example.com/app.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/temporal-redirect: "http://example.com/app"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/temporal-redirect: "http://example.com/app"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Request header control

Example 1: Add foo: bar and test: true to all requests to example.com/test.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-header-control-add: |
      foo bar
      test true
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-header-control-add: |
      foo bar
      test true
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Combine header control with canary releases. When the request header is mse: v1, the request goes to demo-service-canary-v1 with stage: gray added. All other requests go to demo-service with stage: production added.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "v1"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-header-control-add: "stage gray"
  name: demo-canary-v1
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service-canary-v1
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-header-control-add: "stage production"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /hello
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary: "true"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header: "mse"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/canary-by-header-value: "v1"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-header-control-add: "stage gray"
  name: demo-canary-v1
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service-canary-v1
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-header-control-add: "stage production"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - http:
        paths:
          - path: /hello
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Response header control

Example: Remove the req-cost-time header from responses to example.com/test.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/response-header-control-remove: "req-cost-time"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/response-header-control-remove: "req-cost-time"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Route-level IP control

Example 1: Allow access to example.com/test only from 1.1.X.X.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/whitelist-source-range: 1.1.X.X
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/whitelist-source-range: 1.1.X.X
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Block access to example.com/test from 2.2.2.2.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/blacklist-source-range: 2.2.2.2
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/blacklist-source-range: 2.2.2.2
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Domain-level IP control

Example 1: Allow access to all routes of example.com from 1.1.X.X and 2.2.2.2.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/domain-whitelist-source-range: 1.1.X.X,2.2.2.2
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact
          - backend:
              service:
                name: app-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /app
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/domain-whitelist-source-range: 1.1.X.X,2.2.2.2
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80
          - path: /app
            backend:
              serviceName: app-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Allow all routes of example.com from 1.1.X.X and 2.2.2.2, but restrict /order to only 3.3.X.X. The route-level allowlist on /order overrides the domain-level allowlist for that route.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/domain-whitelist-source-range: 1.1.X.X,2.2.2.2
  name: demo-domain
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact
          - backend:
              service:
                name: app-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /app
            pathType: Exact
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/whitelist-source-range: 3.3.X.X
  name: demo-route
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /order
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/domain-whitelist-source-range: 1.1.X.X,2.2.2.2
  name: demo-domain
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80
          - path: /app
            backend:
              serviceName: app-service
              servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/whitelist-source-range: 3.3.X.X
  name: demo-route
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /order
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Custom response

Example 1: Limit example.com/test to 100 RPS cluster-wide with the default response (HTTP 429, sentinel rate limited).

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit: "100"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit: "100"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Limit example.com/test to 100 RPS cluster-wide. When throttled, return HTTP 503 with the body server is overload.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit: "100"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit-fallback-custom-response-code: 503
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit-fallback-custom-response-body: "server is overload"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit: "100"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit-fallback-custom-response-code: 503
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit-fallback-custom-response-body: "server is overload"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Redirect

Example: Limit example.com/test to 100 RPS cluster-wide. When throttled, redirect to example.com/fallback.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit: "100"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit-fallback-redirect-url: "example.com/fallback"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit: "100"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit-fallback-redirect-url: "example.com/fallback"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Custom response

Example 1: Limit concurrent in-flight requests to example.com/test to 1,000 cluster-wide, with the default response.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit: "1000"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit: "1000"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Limit concurrent in-flight requests to example.com/test to 1,000 cluster-wide. When the limit is exceeded, return HTTP 503 with the body server is overload.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit: "1000"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit-fallback-custom-response-code: 503
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit-fallback-custom-response-body: "server is overload"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit: "1000"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit-fallback-custom-response-code: 503
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit-fallback-custom-response-body: "server is overload"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Redirect

Example: Limit concurrent in-flight requests to example.com/test to 1,000 cluster-wide. When the limit is exceeded, redirect to example.com/fallback.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit: "1000"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit-fallback-redirect-url: "example.com/fallback"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit: "1000"
    mse.ingress.kubernetes.io/concurrency-limit-fallback-redirect-url: "example.com/fallback"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Common load balancing algorithms

Example: Use least connections for demo-service.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/load-balance: "least_conn"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /order
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/load-balance: "least_conn"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Consistent hashing

Consistent hashing routes requests with the same hash key to the same backend Pod. MSE Ingress supports hashing by NGINX variables, request headers, or query parameters.

Example 1: Hash by client IP — requests from the same IP always reach the same Pod.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-hash-by: "$remote_addr"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-hash-by: "$remote_addr"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 2: Hash by the X-Stage request header — requests with the same X-Stage value always reach the same Pod.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-hash-by: "$http_x-stage"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-hash-by: "$http_x-stage"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80

Example 3: Hash by the x-stage query parameter — requests with the same x-stage value always reach the same Pod.

Kubernetes v1.19+:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-hash-by: "$arg_x-stage"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - backend:
              service:
                name: demo-service
                port:
                  number: 80
            path: /test
            pathType: Exact

Kubernetes earlier than v1.19:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/upstream-hash-by: "$arg_x-stage"
  name: demo
spec:
  ingressClassName: mse
  rules:
    - host: example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /test
            backend:
              serviceName: demo-service
              servicePort: 80