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    Hologres:BSI functions

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    Hologres:BSI functions

    Last Updated:Apr 22, 2024

    This topic describes how to use bit-sliced index (BSI) functions in Hologres. BSI functions are extension functions of Hologres.

    How it works

    The BSI technique is used to compress key-value pairs that are in the cid::int, value::bigint format. The following table provides sample data to help you better understand the principle and structure of a BSI.

    cid

    value (decimal)

    value (binary)

    1

    3

    0011

    2

    6

    0110

    3

    4

    0100

    4

    10

    1010

    5

    7

    0111

    6

    NULL

    -

    The sample table contains a cid column and two value columns. The maximum decimal value is 10, which corresponds to a 4-bit binary value. All decimal values are converted into 4-bit binary values. The binary data is traversed from the low bit to the high bit. The Roaring bitmap of each cid array whose bit value is 1 is recorded to form a BSI. The following BSI is generated based on the sample data:

    • slice 0: roaringbitmap '{1,5}'

    • slice 1: roaringbitmap '{1,2,4,5}'

    • slice 2: roaringbitmap '{2,3,5}'

    • slice 3: roaringbitmap '{4}'

    A BSI also contains the following information:

    • Existence bitmap (EBM): the Roaring bitmap that stores a non-empty cid array. In this example, roaringbitmap '{1,2,3,4,5}' is used.

    • max: the maximum value. In this example, the value is 10.

    • min: the minimum value. In this example, the value is 3.

    • bitCount: the number of bits of binary values that are converted from decimal values. In this example, the value is 4.

    If bitmap operations are performed on the sample data by using Roaring bitmaps, and the selection result of a crowd is crowd='{1,3,5}', you can use BSI functions to quickly obtain the calculation result. Examples:

    • Calculate the sum of the values of the selected crowd: rb_and_cardinality(crowd, slice0) × 20 + ... + rb_and_cardinality(crowd, slice3) × 23 = 14

    • Calculate the top 2 values of the selected crowd:

      crowd & slice3 = NULL
crowd & slice2 = {3,5} -- The top 2 values are {3,5}.
{3,5} & slice1 = {5} -- The top 1 value is {5}.

    You can use the BSI algorithm to compress key-value pairs for storage. The Roaring bitmap calculation of cids is combined with the calculation of values to improve the computing efficiency for user profile analysis scenarios in which both attribute tags and behavior tags are used. For more information about user profile analysis based on BSI functions, see BSI (beta).

    Limits

    • Only Hologres V2.1 and later support BSI functions. If your Hologres instance version is earlier than V2.1, upgrade your instance. For more information, see Instance upgrades.

    • The superuser must execute the following statements to create two extensions. The extensions must be created at the database level. You need to create the extensions for a database only once. 

      -- Create extensions. Before you create a BSI, you must create roaring bitmaps.
CREATE EXTENSION roaringbitmap;
CREATE EXTENSION bsi;

-- Drop the extensions.
DROP EXTENSION roaringbitmap;
DROP EXTENSION bsi;
      Important

      We recommend that you do not execute the DROP EXTENSION <extension_name> CASCADE; statement to drop an extension. The CASCADE statement drops not only the specified extension but also the extension data and the objects that depend on the extension. The extension data includes the PostGIS data, roaring bitmap data, Proxima data, binary log data, and BSI data. The objects include metadata, tables, views, and server data.

    Functions

    BSI constructors

    Function

    Input data type

    Output data type

    Description

    Example

    Returned result

    bsi_build

    integer[], bigint[]

    bsi

    Creates a BSI based on two one-dimensional data entries. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}'));
    {1,2}
{2,4}
{3,6}

    bsi_add_value

    bsi, integer, bigint

    bsi

    Adds a key-value pair to the BSI. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_add_value(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}'),4,8));
    {1,2}
{2,4}
{3,6}
{4,8}

    BSI expansion functions

    Function

    Input data type

    Output data type

    Description

    Example

    Returned result

    bsi_iterate

    bsi

    set of integer[]

    Expands a BSI into key-value pairs. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}'));
    {1,2}
{2,4}
{3,6}

    bsi_show

    bsi/bytea, integer

    text

    Expands a BSI into key-value pairs and displays the first N key-value pairs. N is an integer. 

    SELECT bsi_show(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}'),2);
    1=2,2=4...left 1

    BSI query functions

    Function

    Input data type

    Output data type

    Description

    Example

    Returned result

    bsi_ebm

    bsi/bytea

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the Roaring bitmap of the EBM array of a BSI. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_ebm(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}')));
    {1,2,3}

    bsi_eq

    bsi, bigint [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the part whose first input parameter of the BSI type is equal to the second input parameter of the BIGINT type and returns the Roaring bitmap of the EBM array.

    If the third input parameter is configured and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the Roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs a comparison. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_eq(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),4));
    {2,3}

    bsi_filter

    bsi/bytea, bytea

    bsi

    Queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the second input parameter of the BYTEA type and then returns a new BSI. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_filter(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}'),rb_build('{1,2}')));
    {1,2}
{2,4}

    bsi_ge

    bsi, bigint [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the part of the first input parameter value of the BSI type that is greater than or equal to the second input parameter value of the BIGINT type, and then returns a value of the Roaring bitmap type that contains EBM arrays.

    If the third input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the Roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs a comparison. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_ge(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),4));
    {2,3,4}

    bsi_gt

    bsi, bigint [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the part of the first input parameter value of the BSI type that is greater than the second input parameter value of the BIGINT type and then returns a value of the Roaring bitmap type that contains EBM arrays.

    If the third input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs a comparison. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_gt(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),4));
    {4}

    bsi_le

    bsi, bigint [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the part of the first input parameter value of the BSI type that is less than or equal to the second input parameter value of the BIGINT type and then returns a value of the Roaring bitmap type that contains EBM arrays.

    If the third input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs a comparison. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_le(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),4));
    {1,2,3}

    bsi_lt

    bsi, bigint [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the part of the first input parameter value of the BSI type that is less than the second input parameter value of the BIGINT type, and then returns a value of the Roaring bitmap type that contains EBM arrays.

    If the third input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs a comparison. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_lt(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),4));
    {1}

    bsi_neq

    bsi, bigint [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the part of the first input parameter value of the BSI type that is not equal to the second input parameter value of the BIGINT type, and returns a value of the Roaring bitmap type that contains EBM arrays.

    If the third input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs a comparison. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_neq(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),4));
    {1,4}

    bsi_range

    bsi, bigint, bigint [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the part of the first input parameter of the BSI type that is between the second and third input parameter values of the BIGINT type, and then returns a value of the Roaring bitmap type that contains EBM arrays.

    If the third input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs a comparison. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_range(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),3,5));
    {2,3}

    bsi_compare

    text, bsi, [bytea,] bigint, bigint

    roaringbitmap

    Compares and filters BSIs.

    • The first input parameter of the TEXT type specifies the comparison type. Valid values: LT, LE, GT, GE, EQ, NEQ, and RANGE.

    • The third parameter is of the BYTEA type and is optional. The third parameter is used to filter BSIs.

    • The fourth and fifth parameters of the BIGINT type specify the values for comparison. Two input parameters of the BIGINT type are required only for RANGE-based comparisons. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_compare('RANGE',bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,4,8}'),3,5));
    {2,3}

    BSI aggregate and analytic functions

    Function

    Input data type

    Output data type

    Description

    Example

    Returned result

    bsi_add

    bsi, bsi

    bsi

    Queries the same EBM arrays of the two input parameters of the BSI type, adds the values of the EBM arrays, and then returns a new BSI. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_add(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}'),bsi_build('{1,2}','{2,4}')));
    {1,4}
{2,8}
{3,6}

    bsi_add_agg

    bsi

    bsi

    Performs addition and aggregate operations. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_add_agg(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}')));
    {1,2}
{2,4}
{3,6}

    bsi_merge

    bsi, bsi

    bsi

    Merges two BSIs. The EBM arrays of the two BSIs do not have an intersection. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_merge(bsi_build('{1,2}','{2,4}'),bsi_build('{3,4}','{6,8}')));
    {1,2}
{2,4}
{3,6}
{4,8}

    bsi_merge_agg

    bsi

    bsi

    Merges aggregate results. The EBM arrays of the input BSI do not have an intersection. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_merge_agg(bsi_build('{1,2,3}','{2,4,6}')));
    {1,2}
{2,4}
{3,6}

    bsi_stat

    bigint[], bsi/bytea [, bytea]

    text

    Queries the distribution statistics of BSI values. The distribution interval is split based on the input boundary value array.

    If the third input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the Roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the second input parameter of the BSI type and the third input parameter of the BYTEA type and then queries the distribution statistics. 

    SELECT bsi_stat('{1,3,5}',bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,6,8}'));
    (0,1]=0;(1,3]=1;(3,5]=1;(5,8]=2

    bsi_sum

    bsi/bytea [, bytea]

    bigint[]

    Returns an array that contains the sum of BSI values and EBM cardinality.

    If the second input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the Roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the second input parameter of the BYTEA type and then calculates the sum and cardinality. 

    SELECT bsi_sum(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4}','{2,4,6,8}'));
    {20,4}

    bsi_topk

    bsi/bytea, [bytea, ] integer

    roaringbitmap

    Queries the EBM array that corresponds to the top K largest BSI values and returns the Roaring bitmap that consists of the EBM array.

    If the second input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the Roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the second input parameter of the BYTEA type and then calculates the top K largest BSI values. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_topk(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4,5}','{2,4,6,8,10}'),3));
    {3,4,5}

    bsi_transpose

    bsi/bytea [, bytea]

    roaringbitmap

    Returns the transposition result of a BSI, which is a value of the Roaring bitmap type after deduplication.

    If the second input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the Roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the second input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs transposition. 

    SELECT rb_to_array(bsi_transpose(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4,5}','{2,4,4,8,8}')));
    {2,4,8}

    bsi_transpose_with_count

    bsi/bytea [, bytea]

    bsi

    Transposes a value of the BSI type, collects statistics, and returns a new BSI.

    If the second input parameter is specified and is of the BYTEA type that is serialized from the Roaring bitmap type, this function queries the intersection between the EBM array of the first input parameter of the BSI type and the second input parameter of the BYTEA type and then performs transposition and collects statistics. 

    SELECT bsi_iterate(bsi_transpose_with_count(bsi_build('{1,2,3,4,5}','{2,4,4,8,8}')));
    {2,1}
{4,2}
{8,2}