kube-apiserver audit logs

Parameter settings

apiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1beta1 # This is required.
kind: Policy
# Don't generate audit events for all requests in RequestReceived stage.
omitStages:
  - "RequestReceived"
rules:
  # The following requests were manually identified as high-volume and low-risk,
  # so drop them.
  - level: None
    users: ["system:kube-proxy"]
    verbs: ["watch"]
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["endpoints", "services"]
  - level: None
    users: ["system:unsecured"]
    namespaces: ["kube-system"]
    verbs: ["get"]
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["configmaps"]
  - level: None
    users: ["kubelet"] # legacy kubelet identity
    verbs: ["get"]
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["nodes"]
  - level: None
    userGroups: ["system:nodes"]
    verbs: ["get"]
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["nodes"]
  - level: None
    users:
      - system:kube-controller-manager
      - system:kube-scheduler
      - system:serviceaccount:kube-system:endpoint-controller
    verbs: ["get", "update"]
    namespaces: ["kube-system"]
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["endpoints"]
  - level: None
    users: ["system:apiserver"]
    verbs: ["get"]
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["namespaces"]
  # Don't log these read-only URLs.
  - level: None
    nonResourceURLs:
      - /healthz*
      - /version
      - /swagger*
  # Don't log events requests.
  - level: None
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["events"]
  # Secrets, ConfigMaps, and TokenReviews can contain sensitive & binary data,
  # so only log at the Metadata level.
  - level: Metadata
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
        resources: ["secrets", "configmaps"]
      - group: authentication.k8s.io
        resources: ["tokenreviews"]
  # Get repsonses can be large; skip them.
  - level: Request
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
      - group: "admissionregistration.k8s.io"
      - group: "apps"
      - group: "authentication.k8s.io"
      - group: "authorization.k8s.io"
      - group: "autoscaling"
      - group: "batch"
      - group: "certificates.k8s.io"
      - group: "extensions"
      - group: "networking.k8s.io"
      - group: "policy"
      - group: "rbac.authorization.k8s.io"
      - group: "settings.k8s.io"
      - group: "storage.k8s.io"
  # Default level for known APIs
  - level: RequestResponse
    resources:
      - group: "" # core
      - group: "admissionregistration.k8s.io"
      - group: "apps"
      - group: "authentication.k8s.io"
      - group: "authorization.k8s.io"
      - group: "autoscaling"
      - group: "batch"
      - group: "certificates.k8s.io"
      - group: "extensions"
      - group: "networking.k8s.io"
      - group: "policy"
      - group: "rbac.authorization.k8s.io"
      - group: "settings.k8s.io"
      - group: "storage.k8s.io"
  # Default level for all other requests.
  - level: Metadata

View audit log reports

Container Service for Kubernetes provides three audit log reports for each cluster. You can find the following information in these reports:

• Important operations performed by users and system components on the target cluster.
• The source IP addresses of these operations and the regional distribution of these IP addresses.
• The details of operations on different types of resources.
• The details of operations by different RAM users.
• The details of important operations, such as logging on to containers, accessing secrets, and deleting resources.

Reports overview

kube-apiserver provides the following three reports: Overview, Operations Overview, and Operation Details.

• Overview

  This report provides an overview of the events in the cluster and the details of important events, such as access from the Internet, command executions, resource deletion, and access to secrets.

  
  Note By default, the report displays statistics by week. Custom time ranges are supported. You can filter the report based on namespace, RAM user ID, and status code. You can also select one or multiple items to filter the report.
• Operations Overview

  This report provides statistics on operations that are commonly performed on computing resources, network resources, and storage resources in the cluster. The operations include create, update, delete, and access.

  • Computing resources include Deployment, StatefulSet, CronJob, DaemonSet, Job, and Pod.
  • Network resources include Service and Ingress.
  • Storage resources include ConfigMap, Secret, and PersistentVolumeClaim.
  
  Note

  • By default, the report displays statistics by week. Custom time ranges are supported. You can filter the report based on namespace and RAM user ID. You can also select one or multiple items to filter the report.
  • To view details of the operations on a resource, go to the Operation Details report.
• Operation Details

  This report provides operation details by resource type. You can specify a resource type to query operation details in real time. The report contains the total number of operations, distribution of namespaces, operation success rate, temporal order of operations, and other operation details.

  
  Note

  • To query operations about a CustomResourceDefinition (CRD) resource registered in Kubernetes or resources that are not listed in the report, enter the plural form of the target resource name. For example, to query operations about a CRD resource named AliyunLogConfig, enter AliyunLogConfigs.
  • By default, the report displays statistics by week. Custom time ranges are supported. You can filter the report based on namespace, RAM user ID, and status code. You can also select one or multiple items to filter the report.

View log records

To customize the queries or analyze audit logs, you can go to the Log Service console to view detailed log records.

1. Log on to the Log Service console.
2. Find the target project and click the project name.
3. Find Logstore audit-${clustered}, click at the right, and select Search & Analysis.
   Note

   • During the cluster creation process, a Logstore named audit-${clustereid} is automatically created under the target project.
   • By default, indexes are already set up in the Logstore. Do not modify the indexes.

You can query audit logs by using the following methods:

• To query the operations performed by a RAM user, enter the RAM user ID and click Search & Analyze.
• To query the operations performed on a resource, enter the resource name, and click Search & Analyze.
• To filter out the operations performed by system components, enter NOT user.username: node NOT user.username: serviceaccount NOT user.username: apiserver NOT user.username: kube-scheduler NOT user.username: kube-controller-manager and click Search & Analyze.

For more information about querying logs, see Query methods.

Set alerts

Log Service allows you to set alerts to monitor the operations that are performed on certain resources in real time. Alerts can be sent through DingTalk Chatbots, custom webhooks, and Message Center. For more information, see Alarm function overview.

Example 1: Set an alert on command executions on containers

To monitor command executions on containers, alerts need to be sent immediately when a user attempts to log on to a container or run commands. The alert notification needs to include the following information: the container that was logged on, executed commands, operator, event ID, operation time, and source IP address.

• A sample query statement is as follows:

  verb : create and objectRef.subresource:exec and stage:  ResponseStarted | SELECT auditID as "event ID", date_format(from_unixtime(__time__), '%Y-%m-%d %T' ) as "operation time",  regexp_extract("requestURI", '([^\?] *)/exec\?.*', 1)as "resource",  regexp_extract("requestURI", '\?(.*)', 1)as "command" ,"responseStatus.code" as "status code",
   CASE 
   WHEN "user.username" ! = 'kubernetes-admin' then "user.username"
   WHEN "user.username" = 'kubernetes-admin' and regexp_like("annotations.authorization.k8s.io/reason", 'RoleBinding') then regexp_extract("annotations.authorization.k8s.io/reason", ' to User "(\w+)"', 1)
   ELSE 'kubernetes-admin' END  
   as "operating account", 
  CASE WHEN json_array_length(sourceIPs) = 1 then json_format(json_array_get(sourceIPs, 0)) ELSE  sourceIPs END
  as "source IP address" limit 100

• The conditional expression is event =~ ". *".

Example 2: Set an alert on connection failures to apiserver from the Internet

To prevent attacks on a cluster that allows Internet access, you need to monitor the number of connections from the Internet and the connection failure rate. Alerts need to be sent immediately when the number of connections and the connection failure rate both exceed the specified thresholds. The alert notification needs to include the following information: the source IP address, the region where the source IP address belongs, and whether the source IP address is high-risk.

• A sample query statement is as follows:

  * | select ip as "source IP address", total as "number of connections", round(rate * 100, 2) as "connection failure rate%", failCount as "number of illegal connections", CASE when security_check_ip(ip) = 1 then 'yes' else 'no' end  as "whether the IP address is high-risk",  ip_to_country(ip) as "country", ip_to_province(ip) as "province", ip_to_city(ip) as "city", ip_to_provider(ip) as "ISP" from (select CASE WHEN json_array_length(sourceIPs) = 1 then json_format(json_array_get(sourceIPs, 0)) ELSE  sourceIPs END
  as ip, count(1) as total,
  sum(CASE WHEN "responseStatus.code" < 400 then 0 
  ELSE 1 END) * 1.0 / count(1) as rate,
  count_if("responseStatus.code" = 403) as failCount
  from log  group by ip limit 10000) where ip_to_domain(ip) ! = 'intranet'  having "number of connections" > 10 and "connection failure rate%" > 50 ORDER by "number of connections" desc limit 100

• The conditional expression is source IP address =~ ". *".

Generate audit log reports

If audit log reports are not automatically generated, take the following steps to generate audit log reports.

1. Log on to the Container Service console.
2. In the left-side navigation pane, choose Clusters > Clusters. On the Clusters page, find the target cluster and click Manage.
3. In the left-side navigation pane, click Cluster Auditing.
4. Click Enable Cluster Auditing Now. Select an existing project or create a project, and then click OK.
   When the following page appears, it indicates that cluster auditing has been enabled.

Billing

• To view billing details, go to the Bills page and click the Details tab. You can find fees of audit logs. For more information, see Bill.
• For more information about the billing method of audit logs, see Pay-as-you-go.

Support for third-party logging services

You can find the source log file in the /var/log/kubernetes/kubernetes.audit path on master nodes. This file is in standard JSON format. When you create a cluster, you can specify a third party logging service to collect and search audit logs.