RDS PostgreSQL使用PASE插件，可以实现低成本、高效率的图像识别、人脸识别、相似特征检索、相似人群圈选。

前提条件

实例为RDS PostgreSQL 11。
说明 未来将在PostgreSQL 11以上的所有版本支持该功能。

背景信息

阿里云RDS PostgreSQL提供PASE插件，支持业界流行的两种向量索引算法ivfflat和hnsw，基于该插件的加速方案优势非常明显，是一个低成本、高效率的图像识别、人脸识别、相似特征检索、相似人群圈选解决方案，广泛应用在互联网、新零售、交通等行业。RDS PostgreSQL未来将持续集成业界优秀的向量索引算法。
说明 PASE插件的使用说明请参见使用PASE插件。

方案对比

对比项 方案一

（MySQL）

 方案二

（PostgreSQL）

 方案二相比方案一的提升
单次查询响应速度 61.45秒 0.0025秒 2457900%
并发查询QPS 0.055330 1056 1908449%
说明 方案使用的MySQL 8.0和PostgreSQL 11实例规格均为4核CPU、8GB内存、1500GB ESSD云盘，图片数量为100万。

业务挑战

通用关系型数据库（如MySQL）不支持向量检索，需要遍历查询并全部返回到应用端进行计算，性能差，并且需要耗费大量网络带宽。即使数据库支持了向量检索的操作符，但是并不支持向量索引，依然需要遍历计算，无法支持高并发查询。

当图像向量计算上移到应用层实现时，需要从数据库加载所有数据，加载速度慢，而且图像更新后无法实时加载，同时不支持图像识别及其他属性检索的联合过滤，效率低下。

应用场景

当需要高效率、高精度的以图搜图，同时还有其他条件的过滤需求时，使用RDS PostgreSQL能快速处理查询请求，例如：

  • 智能楼宇中，根据人脸识别，识别员工为本大楼的员工时，自动进行打卡，自动按工作楼层设定电梯。
  • 智能酒店中，根据人脸识别，办理自动入住，根据会员等级自动对接专属服务等。
  • 电商行业中，根据图像识别、搜索类似商品。
  • 教育行业中，根据人脸特征，记录学生的听课状态（打盹、走神、小动作、举手等）。
  • 交通行业中，自动识别违规驾驶员。
  • 新零售行业中，根据人脸识别会员，实现到店提醒、导购引导、定制化运营等。
  • 公共交通中，实现刷脸支付。
  • 游戏行业中，虚拟现实相关游戏。
应用场景

准备工作

技术方案一

方案一
  • 方案特点
    • 数据库仅存储图像向量，不进行向量计算。
    • 图像向量计算上移到应用层实现。
  • 方案缺陷
    • 普通数据库不支持向量索引，无法在数据库中完成向量过滤。
    • 应用需要从数据库加载所有数据，加载速度慢，而且图像更新后无法被应用实时加载。
    • 无法在数据库中实现图像识别及其他属性检索的联合过滤，需要在业务层过滤图像条件，网络传输的记录多、效率低，无法支持高并发场景。

操作示例

  1. 创建测试表。示例如下：
    create table if not exists t_vec_80(  
    id serial PRIMARY KEY,  -- 主键
    c1 int,   -- 其他属性字段
    c2 int,
    c3 text,
    c4 timestamp,
    vec float4[]    -- 图像特征值向量
);
  2. 创建生成随机向量的函数（用于模拟图像特征值，实际场景请使用实际图片特征值存入）。示例如下：
    create or replace function gen_float4_arr(int,int) returns float4[] as $$  
  select array_agg(trunc(random()*$1)::float4) from generate_series(1,$2);  
$$ language sql strict volatile;
  3. 写入100万随机向量。示例如下：
    insert into t_vec_80 (c1,c2,c3,c4,vec)
select random()*100, random()*100000, md5(random()::text), clock_timestamp(), 
gen_float4_arr(10000, 80)
from generate_series(1,1000000);
    说明 查看结果样例，示例如下： 
    select * from t_vec_80 limit 3;
-[ RECORD 1 ]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
id  | 1
c1  | 99
c2  | 7428
c3  | 9b74e40ab38ed4f41b5d50b8eedf8b72
c4  | 2020-02-27 15:36:56.895773
vec | {6469,3787,5852,1642,2798,7728,1527,6990,7399,3460,7802,7682,8102,6499,3428,7687,567,8894,8144,1685,6139,9549,3613,1714,721,9099,4218,1930,9031,4961,3966,5501,8748,9818,7143,1546,7547,8671,8536,4946,2132,6338,2629,234,2838,6057,7922,3405,4951,6066,5091,1091,5615,8704,2805,6336,7804,7024,8266,6836,1985,2233,2337,733,2051,9481,2280,9598,8152,816,4545,285,7155,7174,519,9993,3232,8441,3399,8183}
-[ RECORD 2 ]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
id  | 2
c1  | 45
c2  | 84908
c3  | a48d421b772486121ef520eb3e285f95
c4  | 2020-02-27 15:36:56.896329
vec | {123,7195,2080,6460,5000,9104,4727,1836,1089,6960,4174,1823,9012,3656,4103,8611,1808,4920,3157,2094,2076,332,2613,2070,3564,1055,5469,1748,5563,3960,1023,5686,1156,3103,2147,6156,2208,6874,7993,3298,3834,2167,5121,2847,5823,9225,1458,7632,4145,4615,9726,6222,4947,2340,8292,8511,3395,3762,259,8958,7722,1282,4644,8878,4386,6792,5035,6594,3666,3028,9892,7501,5196,5014,348,1019,4239,1806,8652,8384}
-[ RECORD 3 ]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
id  | 3
c1  | 64
c2  | 83785
c3  | ea856c452399648fd29b0e0383a169a5
c4  | 2020-02-27 15:36:56.896395
vec | {1369,718,2899,9880,4113,6661,140,3071,4383,1422,7716,3262,5808,4509,8298,2403,8175,1326,2295,5676,6523,7309,6024,7542,1549,7831,6194,9934,4253,4573,4541,5622,5291,7440,5503,9405,4101,5643,2477,8485,7066,194,1748,2875,4703,46,5278,2878,1373,7574,8555,7896,4884,4580,5439,6433,2411,1633,6367,6664,6207,909,2286,1498,8349,7789,903,2451,3433,3381,936,499,3575,2685,3374,8278,2731,8653,1157,4105}
  4. 查询出100万条记录返回给客户端。示例如下：
    time psql -h xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -p 3433 -U digoal postgres -c "select * from t_vec_80" >/dev/null
    说明 测试结果如下： 
    real    1m1.450s --单次查询响应速度
  5. 并发能力测试。示例如下：
    vi test.sql
select * from t_vec_80;

pgbench -M prepared -n -r -f ./test.sql -c 4 -j 4 -T 600 -h xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -p 3433 -U digoal postgres
    说明 测试结果如下： 
    transaction type: ./test.sql
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 4
number of threads: 4
duration: 600 s
number of transactions actually processed: 36
latency average = 72293.794 ms
tps = 0.055330 (including connections establishing)
tps = 0.055330 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
     72204.857  select * from t_vec_80;

技术方案二

方案二
  • 方案特点
    • 使用RDS PostgreSQL存储图像向量特征值。
    • 使用RDS PostgreSQL的PASE插件，创建图像特征向量的向量索引。
    • 应用输入特征向量，在数据库中通过向量索引快速搜索到与之相似的图像，支持返回向量距离，以及按向量距离进行排序。
    • 当有多个过滤条件时，数据库可以使用多个索引对多个条件进行合并过。滤
  • 方案优势
    • RDS PostgreSQL数据库支持向量索引，图像搜索可以直接在数据库中高效率过滤。
    • RDS PostgreSQL支持索引合并过滤，可以同时过滤图像条件和其他属性条件，通过索引可以最大化收敛条件结果集，大幅度提升速度，并降低传输数据量，单次查询可以毫秒级完成。
    • 通过RDS PostgreSQL只读实例，可以再次提高整体查询吞吐。

操作示例

  1. 创建PASE向量索引插件。命令如下：
    create extension pase;
  2. 创建测试表。示例如下：
    create table if not exists t_vec_80(  
    id serial PRIMARY KEY,  -- 主键
    c1 int,   -- 其他属性字段
    c2 int,
    c3 text,
    c4 timestamp,
    vec float4[]    -- 图像特征值向量
);
  3. 创建生成随机向量的函数（用于模拟图像特征值，实际场景请使用实际图片特征值存入）。示例如下：
    -- 创建生成随机向量的函数
create or replace function gen_float4_arr1(int,int) returns float4[] as $$  
  select array_agg(trunc(random()*$1)::float4) from generate_series(1,$2);  
$$ language sql strict volatile;  
    -- 创建基于数组生成随机附近数组的函数
create or replace function gen_float4_arr(float4[], int) returns float4[] as $$  
  select array_agg( (u + (u*$2/2.0/100) - u*$2/100*random())::float4 ) from unnest($1) u;
$$ language sql strict volatile;
  4. 写入100万随机向量。示例如下：
    do language plpgsql $$
declare
  v_cent float4[];
begin
  for i in 1..100 loop  -- 100个中心点
    v_cent := gen_float4_arr1(10000,80);   -- 取值范围10000, 80个维度
    insert into t_vec_80 (vec) 
    select 
      gen_float4_arr(v_cent, 20) 
    from generate_series(1,10000);   -- 1万个点围绕一个中心点, 每个维度的值随机加减20% 
  end loop;
end;
$$;
  5. 创建向量索引（使用hnsw算法索引，目前PASE插件支持两种索引ivfflat和hnsw）。示例如下：
    说明 实际使用时一定要参考使用PASE插件，索引参数需要设置正确，特别是维度需要和实际维度一致。 
    CREATE INDEX idx_t_vec_80_1 ON t_vec_80    
USING    
  pase_hnsw(vec)    
WITH    
  (dim = 80, base_nb_num = 16, ef_build = 40, ef_search = 200, base64_encoded = 0);
    说明 创建索引耗时1282997.955 ms，索引占用空间8138MB。索引创建完成后，未来更新或新增图像特征值时，会自动更新索引，不需要再创建索引。
  6. 基于一个随机输入向量查询出5条与之最相似的向量，并按向量距离顺序返回。示例如下：
    explain select 
  id as v_id, 
  vec <?> '7533.44,3740.27,670.119,994.914,3619.27,2018.17,2041.34,5483.19,6370.07,4745.54,8762.81,1117.59,8254.75,2009.3,6512.47,3876.7,4775.02,384.683,2003.78,7926.78,9101.46,6801.24,5397.1,7704.49,7546.87,9129.23,9517.36,5723.4,877.649,3117.72,6739.25,8950.36,6397.09,6687.46,9606.15,557.142,9742.48,1714.25,6682.97,5369.21,6178.99,4983.06,7064.29,5433.98,7120.7,2980.34,8485.47,1651.98,3656.9,1126.65,10260.1,2139.89,9041.79,4988.89,17.2254,5482.88,3428.6,10370.7,1749.32,4761.6,2806.65,8040.89,3176.31,9491.93,4355.37,2898.47,282.75,3233.86,4248.86,7012.86,9238.95,524.011,2285.75,5363.21,5558.95,10768.8,8689.83,4907.53,1372.65,1982.05:40:0'::pase as v_dist, 
  vec as v_vec 
    from t_vec_80 
  order by vec <?> '7533.44,3740.27,670.119,994.914,3619.27,2018.17,2041.34,5483.19,6370.07,4745.54,8762.81,1117.59,8254.75,2009.3,6512.47,3876.7,4775.02,384.683,2003.78,7926.78,9101.46,6801.24,5397.1,7704.49,7546.87,9129.23,9517.36,5723.4,877.649,3117.72,6739.25,8950.36,6397.09,6687.46,9606.15,557.142,9742.48,1714.25,6682.97,5369.21,6178.99,4983.06,7064.29,5433.98,7120.7,2980.34,8485.47,1651.98,3656.9,1126.65,10260.1,2139.89,9041.79,4988.89,17.2254,5482.88,3428.6,10370.7,1749.32,4761.6,2806.65,8040.89,3176.31,9491.93,4355.37,2898.47,282.75,3233.86,4248.86,7012.86,9238.95,524.011,2285.75,5363.21,5558.95,10768.8,8689.83,4907.53,1372.65,1982.05:40:0'::pase limit 5;



                                                                     QUERY PLAN                                                                                                                   



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Limit  (cost=0.00..7.47 rows=5 width=352)
   ->  Index Scan using idx_t_vec_80_1 on t_vec_80  (cost=0.00..1493015.50 rows=1000000 width=352)
         Order By: (vec <?> '7533.43994140625,3740.27001953125,670.119018554688,994.914001464844,3619.27001953125,2018.17004394531,2041.33996582031,5483.18994140625,6370.06982421875,4745.5400390
625,8762.8095703125,1117.58996582031,8254.75,2009.30004882812,6512.47021484375,3876.69995117188,4775.02001953125,384.683013916016,2003.78002929688,7926.77978515625,9101.4599609375,6801.240234375
,5397.10009765625,7704.490234375,7546.8701171875,9129.23046875,9517.3603515625,5723.39990234375,877.648986816406,3117.71997070312,6739.25,8950.3603515625,6397.08984375,6687.4599609375,9606.15039
0625,557.142028808594,9742.48046875,1714.25,6682.97021484375,5369.2099609375,6178.990234375,4983.06005859375,7064.2900390625,5433.97998046875,7120.7001953125,2980.34008789062,8485.4697265625,165
1.97998046875,3656.89990234375,1126.65002441406,10260.099609375,2139.88989257812,9041.7900390625,4988.89013671875,17.2254009246826,5482.8798828125,3428.60009765625,10370.7001953125,1749.31994628
906,4761.60009765625,2806.64990234375,8040.89013671875,3176.31005859375,9491.9296875,4355.3701171875,2898.46997070312,282.75,3233.86010742188,4248.85986328125,7012.85986328125,9238.9501953125,52
4.010986328125,2285.75,5363.2099609375,5558.9501953125,10768.7998046875,8689.830078125,4907.52978515625,1372.65002441406,1982.05004882812::'::pase)
(3 rows)


select 
  id as v_id, 
  vec <?> '7533.44,3740.27,670.119,994.914,3619.27,2018.17,2041.34,5483.19,6370.07,4745.54,8762.81,1117.59,8254.75,2009.3,6512.47,3876.7,4775.02,384.683,2003.78,7926.78,9101.46,6801.24,5397.1,7704.49,7546.87,9129.23,9517.36,5723.4,877.649,3117.72,6739.25,8950.36,6397.09,6687.46,9606.15,557.142,9742.48,1714.25,6682.97,5369.21,6178.99,4983.06,7064.29,5433.98,7120.7,2980.34,8485.47,1651.98,3656.9,1126.65,10260.1,2139.89,9041.79,4988.89,17.2254,5482.88,3428.6,10370.7,1749.32,4761.6,2806.65,8040.89,3176.31,9491.93,4355.37,2898.47,282.75,3233.86,4248.86,7012.86,9238.95,524.011,2285.75,5363.21,5558.95,10768.8,8689.83,4907.53,1372.65,1982.05:40:0'::pase as v_dist, 
  vec as v_vec 
    from t_vec_80 
  order by vec <?> '7533.44,3740.27,670.119,994.914,3619.27,2018.17,2041.34,5483.19,6370.07,4745.54,8762.81,1117.59,8254.75,2009.3,6512.47,3876.7,4775.02,384.683,2003.78,7926.78,9101.46,6801.24,5397.1,7704.49,7546.87,9129.23,9517.36,5723.4,877.649,3117.72,6739.25,8950.36,6397.09,6687.46,9606.15,557.142,9742.48,1714.25,6682.97,5369.21,6178.99,4983.06,7064.29,5433.98,7120.7,2980.34,8485.47,1651.98,3656.9,1126.65,10260.1,2139.89,9041.79,4988.89,17.2254,5482.88,3428.6,10370.7,1749.32,4761.6,2806.65,8040.89,3176.31,9491.93,4355.37,2898.47,282.75,3233.86,4248.86,7012.86,9238.95,524.011,2285.75,5363.21,5558.95,10768.8,8689.83,4907.53,1372.65,1982.05:40:0'::pase limit 5;
  v_id   |   v_dist    |                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                  v_vec                                           


---------+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1000001 |      613508 | {7508.56,3828.8,670.162,978.82,3654.93,2052.38,2023.41,5518.4,6478.1,4814.47,8689.2,1130.5,8421.43,2018.39,6534.18,3884.82,4737.2,385.625,2025.83,7917.54,8892.97,6900.71
,5421.61,7579.82,7649.6,9337.72,9530.01,5818.69,873.353,3105.67,6622.92,9102.99,6360.46,6737.99,9374.82,545.683,9734.36,1699.74,6753.08,5320.49,6062.47,4870.6,6907.26,5304.41,7166.67,2997.09,850
8.14,1691.62,3595.89,1113.89,10232.1,2107.41,8846.84,4875.69,17.1081,5574.26,3513.31,10576.6,1763.01,4734.1,2780.48,8165.04,3132.32,9586.17,4345.39,2859.25,286.716,3306.16,4260.56,7007.33,9126.8
1,528.518,2288.32,5310,5610,10584,8872.31,4843.43,1347.01,1940.52}
 1003628 | 8.55116e+06 | {7532.93,3345.53,694.608,984.268,3507.72,1950.43,2188.66,6043.55,6832.57,4384.97,8975.91,1290.02,8519.66,2237.75,6985.71,3890.79,4199.22,410.386,2294.93,7938.11,8989.48,
6374.35,5742.55,7811.5,7492.1,9067.4,9843.13,5885.26,940.365,3435.39,6545.54,8069.38,6126.34,6906.32,10175.4,505.915,9504.69,1630.76,6832.68,5477.68,6446.75,5109.62,6686.55,5688.48,6778.92,3100.
2,9182.86,1733.95,3933.06,1116.63,10488.3,2346.63,8257.46,5312.34,16.0066,5078.85,3717.24,10262.9,1624.57,4406.59,2983.23,7405.85,3159.04,9924.56,4947.86,2573.72,276.545,3673.99,4487.34,6820.15,
8524.12,486.187,2328.58,4769.64,5541.63,10255.7,8280.42,5141.37,1332.7,1989.67}
 1004945 | 9.21305e+06 | {7348.72,3833.3,706.311,985.864,3632.96,2153.75,2172.06,6427.87,6502.42,4678.54,8955.37,1207.76,8594.73,1958.02,6839.83,3703.57,4091.18,367.272,1970.81,7266.62,9198.17,6
869.98,5960.79,7658.46,7180.35,9386.35,10320.3,6593.09,900.23,3330.1,6749.94,9182.85,6839.25,7254.11,9533.32,580.504,9069.41,1841.88,6840.14,4948.41,6390.41,5102.95,6873.49,5683.65,7283.23,3124.
15,8727.17,1810.11,3575.12,1111.99,10081.7,2174.01,8797.29,5301.64,17.779,5196.54,3848.29,9813.85,1514.4,4357.8,2752.47,7138.15,2905.04,10178.2,5025.82,2713.42,267.272,3557.03,4388.08,6581.85,91
14.22,470.335,2249.53,5274.76,5353.28,10566.6,9153.67,4746.68,1439.05,1996.43}
 1009195 |  9.5047e+06 | {7952.02,3520.88,632.554,1014.25,3682.3,2152.37,2108.55,5609.13,6663.42,4410.93,7935.51,1272.55,8609.25,2337.6,6845.14,3849.27,3970,422.706,2090.26,8533.55,9108.23,6752.
42,5636.14,7223.91,7627.38,9467.08,8763.63,6810.94,819.782,3407.48,6512.03,9083.21,6403.44,6224.57,9703.19,553.033,9508.63,1823.54,6942.67,5340.35,5954.36,5616.57,6423.06,5320.32,7837.67,2903.61
,8450.55,1892.85,3821.65,1140.62,10152.7,2306.96,8871.29,5034.8,17.8199,5573.62,3686.87,10214.3,1688.62,4667.3,2943.37,7669.45,3079.31,10188.6,4638.13,2907.09,254.251,3438.58,4657.61,6342.84,948
5.26,465.782,2388.26,5125.77,6048.52,9961.5,8328.46,5174.91,1416.44,1937.93}
 1008523 | 9.65744e+06 | {7255.87,3299.84,671.464,1047.55,3705.29,2031.92,1992.93,5689.99,6486.58,4153.71,8173.91,1224.91,8320.19,2170.14,6585.28,3911.89,4329.78,401.384,2084.19,8345.98,9496.74,
7188.78,5137.15,7485.36,6914.55,8471.34,9674.72,6395.1,810.129,3015.94,6551.72,8213.34,6518.96,6672.72,9064.75,565.507,9560.03,1621.07,7184.9,5224.67,6092.26,4897.21,6021.32,5271.55,7731.19,3218
.24,8516.33,1660.11,3269.62,1145.53,10584.7,2058.17,7786.21,4795.73,16.5323,5396.69,3830.83,10393.6,1526.46,4794.47,2644.17,8514.68,3477.77,9360.25,4510.64,2528.64,238.049,3361.88,4388.69,7549.8
3,9101.76,545.511,2029.84,5622.08,5770.27,10192.2,8269.93,4979.93,1547.04,2017}
(5 rows)

Time: 2.502 ms
  7. 并发能力测试。示例如下：
    -- 为确保每次输入的图像特征值是随机的, 而不是一个确定值, 模拟真实场景, 使用函数进行测试
-- 测试方法
-- 从表里随机取一条记录, 每个维度的浮点值修改5%, 生成一个新的随机向量
-- 基于这个新的随机向量, 搜索5条最相似的向量, 按相似度顺序返回

create or replace function get_vec(
in i_id int, 
in i_pect int,
out v_id int,
out v_dist float4,
out v_vec float4[]
) returns setof record as $$
declare
v_vec float4[];
v_pase text;
begin
  select vec into v_vec from t_vec_80 where id=i_id;
  v_vec := gen_float4_arr(v_vec, i_pect);
  v_pase := rtrim(ltrim(v_vec::text, '{'),'}')||':40:0';
  -- raise notice '%', v_pase;
  return query 
  select 
  id as v_id, 
  vec <?> v_pase::pase as v_dist, 
  vec as v_vec 
    from t_vec_80 
  order by vec <?> v_pase::pase limit 5;
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;

postgres=> select min(id),max(id) from t_vec_80;
   min   |   max   
---------+---------
 1000001 | 2000000
(1 row)

vi test.sql
\set id random(1000001,2000000)
select * from get_vec(:id, 5);


pgbench -M prepared -n -r -f ./test.sql -c 12 -j 12 -T 600 -h xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -p 3433 -U digoal postgres
  8. 模拟查询示例如下：
    postgres=> select * from get_vec(1000001,5);
-[ RECORD 1 ]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v_id   | 1000001
v_dist | 549580
v_vec  | {7508.56,3828.8,670.162,978.82,3654.93,2052.38,2023.41,5518.4,6478.1,4814.47,8689.2,1130.5,8421.43,2018.39,6534.18,3884.82,4737.2,385.625,2025.83,7917.54,8892.97,6900.71,5421.61,7579.82,7649.6,9337.72,9530.01,5818.69,873.353,3105.67,6622.92,9102.99,6360.46,6737.99,9374.82,545.683,9734.36,1699.74,6753.08,5320.49,6062.47,4870.6,6907.26,5304.41,7166.67,2997.09,8508.14,1691.62,3595.89,1113.89,10232.1,2107.41,8846.84,4875.69,17.1081,5574.26,3513.31,10576.6,1763.01,4734.1,2780.48,8165.04,3132.32,9586.17,4345.39,2859.25,286.716,3306.16,4260.56,7007.33,9126.81,528.518,2288.32,5310,5610,10584,8872.31,4843.43,1347.01,1940.52}
-[ RECORD 2 ]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v_id   | 1004945
v_dist | 8.61114e+06
v_vec  | {7348.72,3833.3,706.311,985.864,3632.96,2153.75,2172.06,6427.87,6502.42,4678.54,8955.37,1207.76,8594.73,1958.02,6839.83,3703.57,4091.18,367.272,1970.81,7266.62,9198.17,6869.98,5960.79,7658.46,7180.35,9386.35,10320.3,6593.09,900.23,3330.1,6749.94,9182.85,6839.25,7254.11,9533.32,580.504,9069.41,1841.88,6840.14,4948.41,6390.41,5102.95,6873.49,5683.65,7283.23,3124.15,8727.17,1810.11,3575.12,1111.99,10081.7,2174.01,8797.29,5301.64,17.779,5196.54,3848.29,9813.85,1514.4,4357.8,2752.47,7138.15,2905.04,10178.2,5025.82,2713.42,267.272,3557.03,4388.08,6581.85,9114.22,470.335,2249.53,5274.76,5353.28,10566.6,9153.67,4746.68,1439.05,1996.43}
-[ RECORD 3 ]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v_id   | 1003628
v_dist | 9.11551e+06
v_vec  | {7532.93,3345.53,694.608,984.268,3507.72,1950.43,2188.66,6043.55,6832.57,4384.97,8975.91,1290.02,8519.66,2237.75,6985.71,3890.79,4199.22,410.386,2294.93,7938.11,8989.48,6374.35,5742.55,7811.5,7492.1,9067.4,9843.13,5885.26,940.365,3435.39,6545.54,8069.38,6126.34,6906.32,10175.4,505.915,9504.69,1630.76,6832.68,5477.68,6446.75,5109.62,6686.55,5688.48,6778.92,3100.2,9182.86,1733.95,3933.06,1116.63,10488.3,2346.63,8257.46,5312.34,16.0066,5078.85,3717.24,10262.9,1624.57,4406.59,2983.23,7405.85,3159.04,9924.56,4947.86,2573.72,276.545,3673.99,4487.34,6820.15,8524.12,486.187,2328.58,4769.64,5541.63,10255.7,8280.42,5141.37,1332.7,1989.67}
-[ RECORD 4 ]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v_id   | 1007551
v_dist | 9.44673e+06
v_vec  | {7781.26,3380.16,599.097,902.545,3547.6,1982.01,2408.72,5823.09,5854.29,4392.29,9184.52,1268.16,8240.44,2106.41,6257.97,3703.93,4635.53,378.289,1987.59,8185.38,8466.11,7341.06,5290.8,7422.01,7250.71,8765.47,9341.37,6343.1,865.465,3123.4,5753.41,9331.6,6897.8,6410.83,8874.91,572.861,9001.73,1567.28,6087.64,5422.22,6226.57,5704.15,6499.31,5340.14,7157.55,3300.96,8137.33,1648.01,3872.58,1048.15,10322,2171.44,8874.25,4800.68,17.2407,5297.92,3962.59,10463.2,1482.13,4316.52,2762.2,7293.2,2932.35,10294.3,4539.97,2551.33,266.689,3879.39,4287.27,7169.59,8934.47,544.819,2246.28,4860.29,5837.37,10389.2,8959.5,4836.24,1283.66,2118.71}
-[ RECORD 5 ]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v_id   | 1008335
v_dist | 9.48463e+06
v_vec  | {7993.58,3279.23,608.321,947.312,3855.4,2190.95,2013.19,6063.82,6356.44,4670.55,9118.76,1155.98,8339.1,2082.98,6675.26,3565.42,4172.02,432.199,2115.09,7211.91,8375.44,6845.13,5692.45,7955.92,7269.1,9351.03,9016.28,5845.67,840.522,2964.57,6185.9,9328.92,6371.88,6985.29,9314.6,575.449,8884.66,1681.17,6381.56,5767.74,5796.38,4839.26,6309.88,5030.22,7347.04,3403.45,9072.78,1858.26,3753.29,1008.68,10277.5,2072.03,8010.28,5153.73,17.669,4755.41,3723.93,10381.5,1512.89,4821.96,3179.53,7987.13,3276.66,8983.62,4408.31,2430.41,284.952,3731.14,4382.78,6574.45,9154.04,520.929,2136.69,4835.47,5222.18,10158.4,9192.24,4820.05,1417.67,2106.94}
    说明 查询结果如下： 
    transaction type: ./test.sql
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 12
number of threads: 12
duration: 600 s
number of transactions actually processed: 633784
latency average = 11.361 ms
tps = 1056.253960 (including connections establishing)
tps = 1056.298691 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
         0.001  \set id random(1000001,2000000)
        11.358  select * from get_vec(:id, 5);

总结

RDS PostgreSQL通过高维向量索引检索功能（PASE插件），可以实现图像向量的相似匹配高效搜索，单次请求达到毫秒级。高维向量检索不仅能应用在图像搜索，还能应用在任意可以数字化的特征搜索中，例如用户画像特征搜索、营销系统中的相似人群扩选等场景，同时支持索引合并搜索，可以在数据库中一次性完成向量搜索和普通查询条件的联合过滤，大幅度提升效率。

使用RDS PostgreSQL数据库，可以满足在互联网、新零售、交通、智能楼宇、教育、游戏、医疗、社交、公安、机场等行业中的图像识别、人脸识别、相似特征检索、相似人群圈选等高并发查询搜索需求。

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