The maximum size of a single table is determined by the file size limit of the operating system, not by the internal mechanisms of MySQL.
Because of metadata overhead, the maximum size of a single table in RDS for MySQL is slightly less than 16 TB.
Important
The cloud disk edition of RDS for MySQL now supports single tables larger than 16 TB. This feature is currently available only for instances with a large storage capacity of more than 64 TB. If you require this feature for other instances, submit a ticket.