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    MaxCompute:Dynamic data masking

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    MaxCompute:Dynamic data masking

    Last Updated:Aug 05, 2026

    To allow certain users to view sensitive data in a MaxCompute project while hiding key information, enable dynamic data masking. This feature hides or replaces sensitive data in real time upon access to prevent data leaks. This topic describes how to enable the dynamic data masking feature in MaxCompute and provides usage examples.

    Introduction

    MaxCompute provides dynamic data masking to protect sensitive data, such as personally identifiable information (PII), in scenarios like development, testing, data sharing, and operations. Unlike column-level access control lists (ACLs), which require users to modify their queries to exclude columns they cannot access, dynamic data masking works automatically without modifying existing queries. When a user accesses data, the system automatically applies the appropriate masking policy based on the user or their role. This ensures that data is masked during queries, downloads, joins, and user-defined function (UDF) computations, and mitigates the risk of sensitive data exposure.

    Masking policies support various methods, including masking, hashing, character replacement, numeric rounding, and date truncation, to protect data such as identification numbers, bank card numbers, addresses, and phone numbers. MaxCompute applies data masking at the earliest stage of data retrieval from storage. This approach ensures high performance and security.

    image

    Usage notes

    • Supported regions

      This feature is in public preview and is available only in the following regions: China (Hangzhou), China (Shanghai), China (Beijing), China (Zhangjiakou), China (Ulanqab), China (Shenzhen), China (Chengdu), China (Hong Kong), Japan (Tokyo), Singapore, Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), Indonesia (Jakarta), Germany (Frankfurt), US (Silicon Valley), and US (Virginia).

    • Supported driver versions

      Connection method

      Minimum version

      Masking support

      Java SDK

      0.48.0-public or later

      Supported

      odpscmd

      0.47.1 or later

      Supported

      JDBC

      3.4.3 or later

      Supported

      MaxFrame

      All versions

      Supported

      PyODPS

      All versions

      Supported

      Go SDK

      All versions

      Supported

    • Internal and external tables

      • Masking policies are supported for both MaxCompute internal and external tables.

      • Dynamic data masking and row-level permissions are mutually exclusive. You cannot configure row-level permissions for a table that already has a masking policy, and vice versa.

      • When you apply a masking policy to Chinese characters, the character encoding must be UTF-8.

    • Views

      • Standard views support masking policies. The policies on a view are synchronized with those on the source table. When a masking policy is bound to or unbound from the source table, the change takes effect on the view immediately.

      • A materialized view inherits the masking policies from its source table at the time of creation. Subsequent changes to the source table's policies do not affect the materialized view.

    • Masking policies

      If multiple masking policies apply to a user, the one with the highest priority is used. For more information, see Policy priorities.

    How it works

    A project owner or users with the Super_Administrator or Admin role can manage masking policies. When a user accesses a table that contains sensitive data, the system checks for masking policies associated with the user or their role and returns either masked data or plaintext data accordingly.

    image

    Masking permissions

    Only the project owner or users granted the project-level Super_Administrator or Admin role can enable or disable the dynamic data masking feature for a project.

    The permissions required to manage masking policies for a table are as follows:

    • By default, the project owner or users with the project-level Super_Administrator or Admin role have the required permissions.

    • You can also grant permissions to a RAM User or RAM Role using a custom administrative project role. Log on to the MaxCompute console. In the left-side navigation pane, choose Manage Configurations > Projects. On the management page for your project, go to the Project Settings page and select the Role Permissions tab. Click Create Project-level Role to create a project role with MaxCompute permissions. Set the **Role Type** to **Admin (management role)** and use a policy statement similar to the following example:

       {
  "Version": "1",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
    		"odps:CreateDataMaskingPolicy","odps:ListDataMaskingPolicies"],
      "Resource": [
    "acs:odps:*:projects/[project_name]/authorization/datamaskingpolicies"
      ]
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
    		"odps:DropDataMaskingPolicy",
        "odps:DescribeDataMaskingPolicy"
      ],
      "Resource": [
  "acs:odps:*:projects/[project_name]/authorization/datamaskingpolicies/*"
      ]
    },
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "odps:ApplyDataMaskingPolicy",
      "Resource": [
        "acs:odps:*:projects/[project_name]/authorization/tables/*",
  "acs:odps:*:projects/[project_name]/authorization/datamaskingpolicies/*"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

    Commands

    Enable or disable data masking

    The data masking switch odps.data.masking.policy.enable is a project-level property. Only the project owner or users granted the project-level Super_Administrator or Admin role can configure this property. For more information, see Manage built-in roles.

    After you enable or disable data masking, the change takes approximately 15 minutes to take effect due to cache refresh latency.

    • Enable dynamic data masking for the project.

      setproject odps.data.masking.policy.enable=true;

    • Disable dynamic data masking for the project.

      setproject odps.data.masking.policy.enable=false;

    Create and drop masking policies

    A project can have a maximum of 1,000 masking policies.

    • Syntax

      • Create a masking policy.

        CREATE DATA MASKING POLICY [IF NOT EXISTS] <policy_name> 
TO { USER <user_list> | ROLE <role_list> | default } 
USING <Predefined Masking Policy>;

      • Drop a masking policy.

        DROP DATA MASKING POLICY <policy_name>;

    • Parameters

      Parameter

      Required

      Description

      policy_name

      Yes

      The name of the masking policy. The policy name is case-insensitive and can consist only of letters (a–z, A–Z), digits (0–9), and underscores (_). We recommend starting the name with a letter. The name can be up to 128 bytes long.

      USER | ROLE | default

      Yes

      Choose one of the following options:

      • USER: Applies the policy to specific users. In <user_list>, specify the names of the users. You can run the list users; command to view user information.

      • ROLE: Applies the policy to specific roles. In <role_list>, specify the names of the roles. You can run the list roles; command to view role information.

      • default: Applies the policy by default. If no other masking policy matches a user or role, the default policy is applied.

      Predefined Masking Policy

      Yes

      A predefined masking policy. For more information, see Predefined masking policies.

    • Examples

      • Example 1: Create an MD5 hashing policy for userA, userB, and userC.

        CREATE data masking policy IF NOT EXISTS masking_test_001
TO USER (userA, userB, userC)
USING MASKED_MD5(0);

      • Example 2: Create an MD5 hashing policy for the development and operations roles of a project.

        CREATE data masking policy IF NOT EXISTS masking_test_001
TO ROLE (role_project_deploy, role_project_dev)
USING MASKED_MD5(0);

    Apply policies to columns

    • Syntax

      --Bind a policy to a column
APPLY DATA MASKING POLICY <policy_name> BIND TO TABLE <table_name> COLUMN <column_name>;

--Unbind a specific masking policy from a sensitive data column
APPLY DATA MASKING POLICY <policy_name> UNBIND FROM TABLE <table_name> COLUMN <column_name>;

--Unbind all masking policies from a sensitive data column
APPLY DATA MASKING POLICY UNBIND ALL FROM TABLE <table_name> COLUMN <column_name>;

--Unbind all masking policies from all sensitive data columns of a table
APPLY DATA MASKING POLICY UNBIND ALL FROM TABLE <table_name>;

    • Parameters

      Parameter

      Required

      Description

      policy_name

      Yes

      The name of the masking policy.

      table_name

      Yes

      The name of the table that contains sensitive data.

      column_name

      Yes

      The name of the column that contains sensitive data.

    View masking policies

    • Syntax

      --View the creation information of a masking policy
DESC DATA MASKING POLICY <policy_name>;

--View a table's extended information, including its masking policies
DESC EXTENDED <table_name>;

--List the names of all masking policies in the current project
LIST DATA MASKING POLICY;

--List the names of masking policies bound to a specific user
LIST DATA MASKING POLICY TO USER <user_name>;

--List the names of masking policies bound to a specific role
LIST DATA MASKING POLICY TO ROLE <role_name>;

--List the names of all masking policies bound to a specific table
LIST DATA MASKING POLICY ON <table_name>;

--List the names of all masking policies bound to a specific column of a table
LIST DATA MASKING POLICY ON <table_name> TO COLUMN <column_name>;

    • Parameters

      Parameter

      Required

      Description

      policy_name

      Yes

      The name of the masking policy.

      table_name

      Yes

      The name of the table that contains sensitive data.

      column_name

      Yes

      The name of the column that contains sensitive data.

      user_name

      Yes

      The username.

      role_name

      Yes

      The role name.

    Predefined masking policies

    Predefined masking policies include methods such as masking, hashing, character replacement, and rounding. Choose a policy based on the data type and your protection requirements.

    Policy type

    Policy name

    Syntax

    Description

    General

    No masking

    UNMASKED

    Returns data in plaintext.

    Supported data types: All.

    Nullify

    MASKED_NULLIFY

    Replaces the data with NULL.

    • Supported data types: All.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+-----------------+
| col_string      |
+-----------------+
| Michael Johnson |
+-----------------+

-- Masking policy
MASKED_NULLIFY

-- After masking
+------------+
| col_string | 
+------------+
| NULL       | 
+------------+

    Default value

    MASKED_DV

    Replaces the value with the default value of the corresponding data type. For more information, see Default values for MASKED_DV.

    • Supported data types: All.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: TIMESTAMP)
+---------------------+
| col_timestamp       |
+---------------------+
| 2024-05-01 11:12:13 |
+---------------------+
-- Masking policy
MASKED_DV
-- After masking (The default project time zone is China Standard Time, UTC+8)
+---------------------+
| col_timestamp       | 
+---------------------+
| 1970-01-01 08:00:00 | 
+---------------------+

    Date truncation

    MASKED_DATE_YEAR

    Retains only the year part of a time value and resets the month, day, and time to the beginning of that year (January 1, 00:00:00 UTC).

    • Supported data types: DATE, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP_NTZ, and TIMESTAMP.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: TIMESTAMP)
+---------------------+
| col_timestamp       |
+---------------------+
| 2024-05-01 11:12:13 |
+---------------------+
-- Masking policy
MASKED_DATE_YEAR
-- After masking (The default project time zone is China Standard Time, UTC+8)
+---------------------+
| col_timestamp       | 
+---------------------+
| 2024-01-01 08:00:00 | 
+---------------------+

    Rounding

    MASKED_POINT_RESERVE(<num>)

    Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places, from 0 to 5.

    • num: The number of decimal places to retain. The value must be an integer from 0 to 5.

    • Supported data types: DECIMAL, FLOAT, and DOUBLE.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: FLOAT)
+-----------+
| col_float |
+-----------+
| 1.12345   |
+-----------+
-- Masking policy: retain 2 decimal places
MASKED_POINT_RESERVE(2)
-- After masking
+-----------+
| col_float | 
+-----------+
| 1.12      | 
+-----------+

    Masking

    Mask start and end

    MASKED_STRING_MASKED_BA(<before>, <after>)

    Masks the start and end of a string with asterisks (*) and displays the middle part in plaintext.

    • before: The beginning of the string is replaced by *. The before parameter specifies the mask length and must be an integer greater than or equal to 0. If before is 0, the beginning of the string is not masked.

    • after: The end of the string is replaced with *. The mask length is specified by the after parameter, which must be an integer greater than or equal to 0.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+-----------------+
| col_string      |
+-----------------+
| Michael Johnson |
+-----------------+
-- Masking policy: replace the first 3 and last 3 characters with asterisks.
MASKED_STRING_MASKED_BA(3, 3)
-- After masking
+-----------------+
| col_string      | 
+-----------------+
| ***hael John*** | 
+-----------------+

    Mask middle

    MASKED_STRING_UNMASKED_BA(<before>, <after>)

    Displays the start and end of a string in plaintext and masks the middle part with asterisks (*).

    • before: The number of characters to display in plaintext at the start of the string. The value must be an integer greater than or equal to 0.

    • after: The number of characters to display in plaintext at the end of the string. The value must be an integer greater than or equal to 0.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+-----------------+
| col_string      |
+-----------------+
| Michael Johnson |
+-----------------+
-- Masking policy: display the first and last characters in plaintext.
MASKED_STRING_UNMASKED_BA(1, 1)
-- After masking
+-----------------+
| col_string      | 
+-----------------+
| M*************n | 
+-----------------+

    Hashing

    SHA-256 hashing

    MASKED_SHA256(<salt>)

    Masks data by using the SHA-256 hashing algorithm.

    • salt: The salt. The value must be an integer from 0 to 9.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+------------------------+
| col_string             | 
+------------------------+
| 4562-1234-5678-9123    | 
+------------------------+
-- Masking policy
MASKED_SHA256(0)
-- After masking
+------------------------------------------------+
| col_string                                     | 
+------------------------------------------------+
| zwGMB1aCF1t705EfcwdDorql4MZb46XBqQJw/2RVx8U=    | 
+------------------------------------------------+

    SHA-512 hashing

    MASKED_SHA512(<salt>)

    Masks data by using the SHA-512 hashing algorithm.

    • salt: The salt. The value must be an integer from 0 to 9.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+------------------------+
| col_string             | 
+------------------------+
| 4562-1234-5678-9123    | 
+------------------------+
-- Masking policy
MASKED_SHA512(0)
-- After masking
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| col_string                                                                               | 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3PPywfEIp08WuTUI8FZCCfdVuRu68wZTVwWWVAf4pboACUnH6w9kFMLpl2AARaGW/mvWvg26p0EIqmE0fAEiuA== | 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

    MD5 hashing

    MASKED_MD5(<salt>)

    Masks data by using the MD5 hashing algorithm.

    • salt: The salt. The value must be an integer from 0 to 9.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+------------------------+
| col_string             | 
+------------------------+
| 4562-1234-5678-9123    | 
+------------------------+
-- Masking policy
MASKED_MD5(0)
-- After masking
+--------------------------+
| col_string               | 
+--------------------------+
| mK/o08tew5g7S3XV/BkFfw== | 
+--------------------------+

    SM3 hashing

    MASKED_SM3(<salt>)

    Masks data by using the SM3 hashing algorithm.

    • salt: The salt. The value must be an integer from 0 to 9.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+------------------------+
| col_string             | 
+------------------------+
| 4562-1234-5678-9123    | 
+------------------------+
-- Masking policy
MASKED_SM3(0)
-- After masking
+------------------------------------------------+
| col_string                                     | 
+------------------------------------------------+
| Q2TfwUh4B8QQH8jPL6DfdoGysx/CXBxn2T14dDwQtQw=    | 
+------------------------------------------------+

    Character replacement

    Random replacement

    MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM(<position>)

    Replaces data with random characters, including digits and letters. The length of the string remains unchanged.

    • position: An integer that specifies where to start the replacement.

      • If position = 0, the entire string is replaced with random characters.

      • If position > 0, the first position characters are replaced with random characters.

      • If position < 0, the last N characters are replaced, where N is the absolute value of position.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+-----------------+
| col_string      |
+-----------------+
| Michael Johnson |
+-----------------+
-- Masking policy: replace the first 7 characters with random characters.
MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM(7)
-- After masking
+-----------------+
| col_string      | 
+-----------------+
| 4DlJQxi Johnson | 
+-----------------+

    Random replacement at start and end

    MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM_BA(<before>, <after>)

    Replaces the start and end of a string with random characters, including digits and letters. The length of the string remains unchanged.

    • before: The number of characters to replace at the start of the string. The value must be an integer greater than or equal to 0. If the value is 0, no characters are replaced at the start.

    • after: The number of characters to replace at the end of the string. The value must be an integer greater than or equal to 0.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+-----------------+
| col_string      |
+-----------------+
| Michael Johnson |
+-----------------+
-- Masking policy: replace the first 4 and last 4 characters with random characters.
MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM_BA(4,4)
-- After masking
+------------------+
| col_string       | 
+------------------+
| r0xEael JohnWNr  | 
+------------------+

    Fixed replacement

    MASKED_REPLACE_FIXED(<position>, <fixed_string>)

    • Replaces data with a fixed string.

    • position: An integer that specifies where the replacement occurs.

      • If position = 0, the entire string is replaced with fixed_string.

      • If position > 0, the first position characters are replaced with fixed_string.

      • If position < 0, the last N characters are replaced with fixed_string, where N is the absolute value of position.

    • fixed_string: The replacement string. It can be up to 100 characters long and cannot contain spaces.

    • Supported data types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR, and BINARY.

    • Example 

      -- Before masking (data type: STRING)
+-----------------+
| col_string      |
+-----------------+
| Michael Johnson |
+-----------------+
-- Masking policy: replace the first 7 characters with the fixed string "Oli".
MASKED_REPLACE_FIXED(7, "Oli")
-- After masking
+-------------+
| col_string  | 
+-------------+
| Oli Johnson | 
+-------------+

    Examples

    Mask sensitive personal information

    This example shows how to configure masking policies to mask sensitive personal information.

    1. Prepare the data.

      Create a table to store personal information and insert sensitive data.

      -- Create a table for sensitive information.
CREATE TABLE if NOT EXISTS personal_info (
 id bigint COMMENT 'The unique ID of the user.',
 name string COMMENT 'The name of the user.',
 age int COMMENT 'The age of the user.',
 gender string COMMENT 'The gender of the user.',
 height float COMMENT 'The height of the user.',
 birthday date COMMENT 'The birth date of the user.',
 phone_number string COMMENT 'The phone number of the user.',
 email string COMMENT 'The email address of the user.',
 address string COMMENT 'The address of the user.',
 salary decimal(18, 2) COMMENT 'The salary of the user.',
 create_time timestamp COMMENT 'The time when the user information was created.',
 update_time timestamp COMMENT 'The time when the user information was updated.',
 is_deleted boolean COMMENT 'Indicates whether the user information is deleted.'
);
-- Insert sensitive data.
INSERT INTO personal_info VALUES
 (1, 'Zhang San', 18, 'Male', 178.56, '1990-01-01', '13800000000', 'zhangsan@example.com', 'Haidian District, Beijing', 5000.00, '2023-04-19 11:32:00', '2023-04-19 11:32:00', false),
 (2, 'Li Si', 20, 'Female', 162.70, '1992-02-02', '13900000000', 'lisi@example.com', 'Pudong New Area, Shanghai', 6000.00, '2023-04-19 11:32:00', '2023-04-19 11:32:00',false),
 (3, 'Wang Wu', 22, 'Male', 185.21, '1994-03-03', '14000000000', 'wangwu@example.com', 'Nanshan District, Shenzhen', 7000.00, '2023-04-19 11:32:00', '2023-04-19 11:32:00', false);

    2. Configure masking policies.

      • For names, retain only the first character and replace the rest with asterisks (*).

        CREATE data masking policy IF NOT EXISTS masking_name
TO USER (RAM$xxx@test.aliyunid.com:xxx)
USING MASKED_STRING_UNMASKED_BA(1, 0);

apply data masking policy masking_name bind TO
TABLE personal_info COLUMN name;

      • Round height values to the nearest integer.

        CREATE data masking policy IF NOT EXISTS masking_height
TO USER (RAM$xxx@test.aliyunid.com:xxx)
USING MASKED_POINT_RESERVE(0);

apply data masking policy masking_height bind TO
TABLE personal_info COLUMN height;

      • For birth dates, retain only the year.

        CREATE data masking policy IF NOT EXISTS masking_birthday
TO USER (RAM$xxx@test.aliyunid.com:xxx)
USING MASKED_DATE_YEAR;

apply data masking policy masking_birthday bind TO
TABLE personal_info COLUMN birthday;

      • For default users, hash phone numbers by using the SM3 algorithm.

        CREATE DATA MASKING POLICY default_sm3
TO DEFAULT
USING MASKED_SM3(0);

apply data masking policy default_sm3 bind TO
TABLE personal_info COLUMN phone_number;

    3. Use an account subject to the masking policies to query the data.

      SELECT id, name, height, birthday, phone_number FROM personal_info;

-- Before masking
+------------+-----------+--------+------------+--------------+
| id         | name      | height | birthday   | phone_number |
+------------+-----------+--------+------------+--------------+
| 1          | Zhang San | 178.56 | 1990-01-01 | 13800000000  |
| 2          | Li Si     | 162.7  | 1992-02-02 | 13900000000  |
| 3          | Wang Wu   | 185.21 | 1994-03-03 | 14000000000  |
+------------+-----------+--------+------------+--------------+

-- After masking
+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------------------------------------------+
| id         | name       | height     | birthday   | phone_number                                   | 
+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 1          | Z********  | 179.0      | 1990-01-01 | lvYJaH4ElL2ilpQx/8tfMUw7xP22yblIgmfWp0/msUQ=    | 
| 2          | L****      | 163.0      | 1992-01-01 | 9fFWacNSwCRZLAjMHqunlfwkqhTbP2ubuDOeOSh4N1c=    | 
| 3          | W******    | 185.0      | 1994-01-01 | k/0JoQCSarJg9ATJ5tyVnhQf1jIBxHXRbB+cvUm4OmE=    | 
+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------------------------------------------+

    Default masking

    This example shows how policy priority works when a user or role matches multiple masking policies.

    Apply the MASKED_SHA256(5) policy to default users.

    CREATE DATA MASKING POLICY default_hash_policy
TO DEFAULT
USING MASKED_SHA256(5);

    Apply the UNMASKED policy to specific users A and B.

    CREATE DATA MASKING POLICY ab_unmask_policy
TO USER (A, B)
USING UNMASKED;

    Result: Users A and B can access plaintext data. Other users can access only the SHA-256-hashed data.

    Note

    Users A and B match both the MASKED_SHA256(5) and UNMASKED policies. The system applies UNMASKED because it has a higher priority. For more information, see Policy priorities. Other users match only the MASKED_SHA256(5) policy.

    Appendix

    Policy priorities

    When multiple masking policies apply to a user, the one with the highest priority is used.

    For example, a user named A accesses the col_string column, and they match two masking policies: MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM(3) with priority level 3 and MASKED_SM3 with priority level 4. Because a lower number indicates a higher priority, the MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM(3) policy is applied. User A sees the data masked with random characters.

    Priority

    Masking policy

    0 (Highest)

    UNMASKED

    1

    MASKED_POINT_RESERVE(num)

    2

    MASKED_DATE_YEAR

    3

    MASKED_STRING_MASKED_BA(before, after)

    MASKED_STRING_UNMASKED_BA(before, after)

    MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM(position)

    MASKED_REPLACE_RANDOM_BA(before, after)

    MASKED_REPLACE_FIXED(position, fixed_string)

    4

    MASKED_SHA256

    MASKED_SHA512

    MASKED_MD5

    MASKED_SM3

    5

    MASKED_DV

    6 (Lowest)

    MASKED_NULLIFY

    Default values for MASKED_DV

    Type

    Default

    BIGINT

    0

    DOUBLE

    0.0

    DECIMAL

    0

    STRING

    "" (empty string)

    DATETIME

    DATETIME '1970-01-01 00:00:00' (UTC)

    BOOLEAN

    false

    TINYINT

    0

    SMALLINT

    0

    INT

    0

    BINARY

    '' (empty binary string)

    FLOAT

    0.0

    DOUBLE

    0.0

    DECIMAL

    0

    VARCHAR(n)

    "" (empty string)

    CHAR(n)

    " " (n spaces)

    DATE

    DATE '1970-01-01'

    TIMESTAMP

    TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:00:00' (UTC)

    TIMESTAMP_NTZ

    TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:00:00' (UTC)

    ARRAY

    An empty array.

    MAP

    An empty map.

    JSON

    "" (empty string)

    STRUCT

    (default values of the field types)