Aggregate functions group multiple input records to form a single output record. You can use an aggregate function with a GROUP BY clause of MaxCompute SQL. This topic describes the syntax, parameters, and examples of aggregate functions that are supported by MaxCompute SQL. It guides you through data development by using aggregate functions.

The following table describes the aggregate functions that are supported by MaxCompute SQL.

Function Description
AVG Returns the average value of a column.
COUNT Returns the number of records that match the specified criteria.
COUNT_IF Returns the number of records whose expr value is True.
MAX Returns the maximum value of a column.
MIN Returns the minimum value of a column.
MEDIAN Returns the median value of a column.
STDDEV Returns the population standard deviation of all the input values.
STDDEV_SAMP Returns the sample standard deviation of all the input values.
SUM Returns the sum of a column.
WM_CONCAT Concatenates strings with a specified delimiter.
ANY_VALUE Returns a random value from a specified column.
APPROX_DISTINCT Returns an approximate number of distinct input values in a specified column.
ARG_MAX Returns the column value of the row that corresponds to the maximum value of a specified column.
ARG_MIN Returns the column value of the row that corresponds to the minimum value of a specified column.
MAX_BY Returns the column value of the row that corresponds to the maximum value of a specified column.
MIN_BY Returns the column value of the row that corresponds to the minimum value of a specified column.
COLLECT_LIST Aggregates the specified columns into an array.
COLLECT_SET Aggregates distinct values from a specified column into an array.
NUMERIC_HISTOGRAM Returns an approximate histogram based on a specified column.
PERCENTILE_APPROX Returns approximate percentiles. This function applies to scenarios in which a large amount of data is calculated.
BITWISE_OR_AGG Aggregates input values based on the bitwise OR operation.
BITWISE_AND_AGG Aggregates input values based on the bitwise AND operation.
MAP_AGG Returns a map that is created by using a and b. a is the key in the map. b is the value of the key in the map.
MULTIMAP_AGG Returns a map that is created by using a and b. a is the key in the map. b is used to create an array, which is used as the value of the key in the map.
MAP_UNION Returns a new map that is the union of all input maps.
MAP_UNION_SUM Returns a new map that is the union of all input maps. The output map sums the values of the matching keys in all input maps.
HISTOGRAM Returns a map that contains the number of times each input value appears.

Usage notes

MaxCompute V2.0 provides extension functions. If the functions that you use involve new data types, you must run one of the following SET commands to enable the MaxCompute V2.0 data type edition. The new data types include TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, FLOAT, VARCHAR, TIMESTAMP, and BINARY.
  • Session level: To use the MaxCompute V2.0 data type edition, you must add set odps.sql.type.system.odps2=true; before the SQL statement that you want to execute, and commit and execute them together.
  • Project level: The project owner can enable the MaxCompute V2.0 data type edition for the project based on the project requirements. The configuration takes effect after 10 to 15 minutes. Run the following command: 
    setproject odps.sql.type.system.odps2=true;
    For more information about setproject, see Project operations. For more information about the precautions that you must take when you enable the MaxCompute V2.0 data type edition at the project level, see Data type editions.
  • A Worker can contain a maximum of 2 million elements.

If you use an SQL statement that includes multiple aggregate functions and the project resources are insufficient, memory overflow may occur. We recommend that you optimize the SQL statement or purchase computing resources based on your business requirements.

Syntax

Syntax of an aggregate function: 

<aggregate_name>(<expression>[,...]) [within group (order by <col1>[,<col2>…])] [filter (where <where_condition>)]
  • <aggregate_name>(<expression>[,...]): a built-in aggregate function or a user-defined aggregate function (UDAF). The format of an aggregate function is based on its syntax.
  • within group (order by <col1>[,<col2>…]): If the syntax of an aggregate function includes this expression, the system automatically sorts the input data of <col1>[,<col2>…] in ascending order. To sort the input data in descending order, use the expression within group (order by <col1>[,<col2>…] [desc]).
    Before you use this expression, take note of the following limits:
    • You can use this expression only for WM_CONCAT, COLLECT_LIST, COLLECT_SET, and UDAFs.
    • If multiple aggregate functions of a SELECT statement include the expression within group (order by <col1>[,<col2>…]), order by <col1>[,<col2>…] must be the same for these functions.
    • If the parameters of an aggregate function include the DISTINCT keyword, columns with distinct values must be specified in the expression order by <col1>[,<col2>…].
    Examples: 
    -- Example 1: Sort the input data in ascending order and return the output data. 
select 
  x,
  wm_concat(',', y) within group (order by y)
from values('k', 1),('k', 3),('k', 2) as t(x, y)
group by x;
-- The following result is returned: 
+------------+------------+
| x          | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| k          | 1,2,3      |
+------------+------------+

-- Example 2: Sort the input data in descending order and return the output data. 
select 
  x,
  wm_concat(',', y) within group (order by y desc)
from values('k', 1),('k', 3),('k', 2) as t(x, y)
group by x;
-- The following result is returned: 
+------------+------------+
| x          | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| k          | 3,2,1      |
+------------+------------+
  • [filter (where <where_condition>)]: If an aggregate function includes this expression, the aggregate function processes only the data that meets the condition specified by <where_condition>. For more information about <where_condition>, see WHERE clause (where_condition).
    Before you use this expression, take note of the following limits:
    • Only built-in aggregate functions support this expression. UDAFs do not support this expression.
    • count(*) does not support this expression. To add filter conditions to count(*), you can use the COUNT_IF function.
    • The COUNT_IF function does not support this expression.
    Examples: 
    -- Example 1: Filter and aggregate data. 
select
  sum(x),
  sum(x) filter (where y > 1),
  sum(x) filter (where y > 2)
  from values(null, 1),(1, 2),(2, 3),(3, null) as t(x, y);
-- The following result is returned: 
+------------+------------+------------+
| _c0        | _c1        | _c2        |
+------------+------------+------------+
| 6          | 3          | 2          |
+------------+------------+------------+

-- Example 2: Use multiple aggregate functions to filter and aggregate data. 
select
  count_if(x > 2),
  sum(x) filter (where y > 1),
  sum(x) filter (where y > 2)
  from values(null, 1),(1, 2),(2, 3),(3, null) as t(x, y);
-- The following result is returned: 
+------------+------------+------------+
| _c0        | _c1        | _c2        |
+------------+------------+------------+
| 1          | 3          | 2          |
+------------+------------+------------+

Sample data

This section provides sample source data and examples for you to understand how to use the functions. Create a table named emp and insert the sample data into the table. Sample commands: 
create table if not exists emp
   (empno bigint,
    ename string,
    job string,
    mgr bigint,
    hiredate datetime,
    sal bigint,
    comm bigint,
    deptno bigint);
tunnel upload emp.txt emp;
The emp.txt file contains the following sample data: 
7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,1980-12-17 00:00:00,800,,20
7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,1981-02-20 00:00:00,1600,300,30
7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,1981-02-22 00:00:00,1250,500,30
7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,1981-04-02 00:00:00,2975,,20
7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,1981-09-28 00:00:00,1250,1400,30
7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,1981-05-01 00:00:00,2850,,30
7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,1981-06-09 00:00:00,2450,,10
7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,1987-04-19 00:00:00,3000,,20
7839,KING,PRESIDENT,,1981-11-17 00:00:00,5000,,10
7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,1981-09-08 00:00:00,1500,0,30
7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,1987-05-23 00:00:00,1100,,20
7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,1981-12-03 00:00:00,950,,30
7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,1981-12-03 00:00:00,3000,,20
7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,1982-01-23 00:00:00,1300,,10
7948,JACCKA,CLERK,7782,1981-04-12 00:00:00,5000,,10
7956,WELAN,CLERK,7649,1982-07-20 00:00:00,2450,,10
7956,TEBAGE,CLERK,7748,1982-12-30 00:00:00,1300,,10

Filter expressions

  • Limits
    • Only built-in aggregate functions of MaxCompute support filter expressions. UDAFs do not support filter expressions.
    • COUNT(*) cannot be used with filter expressions. Use the COUNT_IF function instead if you want to specify a filter expression.
  • Syntax 
    <aggregate_name>(<expression>[,...]) [filter (where <where_condition>)]
  • Description

    All aggregate functions support filter expressions. If you specify a filter condition, only the row data that meets the filter condition can be passed to the related aggregate function for data processing.

  • Parameters
    • aggregate_name: required. The name of the aggregate function. Select an aggregate function that is described in this topic based on your business requirements.
    • expression: required. The parameters of the aggregate function that you select. Specify this parameter based on the description of the aggregate function that you select.
    • where_condition: optional. The filter condition. For more information about where_condition, see WHERE clause (where_condition).
  • Return value

    For more information, see the description of the return value for each aggregate function.

  • Example 
    select sum(sal) filter (where deptno=10), sum(sal) filter (where deptno=20), sum(sal) filter (where deptno=30) from emp;
    The following result is returned:
    +------------+------------+------------+
| _c0        | _c1        | _c2        |
+------------+------------+------------+
| 17500      | 10875      | 9400       |
+------------+------------+------------+

AVG

  • Syntax 
    DECIMAL|DOUBLE  avg(<colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the average value of a column.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. Column values support all data types and can be converted into the DOUBLE type before calculation.

  • Return value
    If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation. The following table describes the mappings between data types of input data and return values.
    Input type Return value type
    TINYINT DOUBLE
    SMALLINT DOUBLE
    INT DOUBLE
    BIGINT DOUBLE
    FLOAT DOUBLE
    DOUBLE DOUBLE
    DECIMAL DECIMAL
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the average salary (sal) values of all employees. Sample statement:
      select avg(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 2222.0588235294117 |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the average salary (sal) values of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 2916.6666666666665 |
| 20         | 2175.0     |
| 30         | 1566.6666666666667 |
+------------+------------+

COUNT

  • Syntax 
    bigint count([distinct|all] <colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the number of records that match the specified criteria.

  • Parameters
    • distinctall: optional. This parameter specifies whether to remove duplicates during the counting. The default value is all, which indicates that all records are counted. If this parameter is set to distinct, only records with distinct values are counted.
    • colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of any data type. The value of colname can be an asterisk (*). count(*) indicates that the number of all rows is returned.
  • Return value

    A value of the BIGINT type is returned. If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the total number of employees in all departments. Sample statement:
      select count(*) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 17         |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the number of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, count(*) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 6          |
| 20         | 5          |
| 30         | 6          |
+------------+------------+
    • Example 3: Remove duplicates when you calculate the number of departments. Sample statement:
      select count(distinct deptno) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 3          |
+------------+

COUNT_IF

  • Syntax 
    bigint count_if(boolean <expr>)
  • Description

    Returns the number of records whose expr value is True.

  • Parameters

    expr: required. A BOOLEAN expression.

  • Return value

    A value of the BIGINT type is returned. If the value of the expr parameter is False or the value of a specified column in expr is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Example 
    select count_if(sal > 1000), count_if(sal <=1000) from emp;
    The following result is returned:
    +------------+------------+
| _c0        | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 15         | 2          |
+------------+------------+

MAX

  • Syntax 
    max(<colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the maximum value of a column.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of any data type other than BOOLEAN.

  • Return value
    The type of the return value is the same as the type of the colname parameter. The return value varies based on the following rules:
    • If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.
    • If the value of colname is of the BOOLEAN type, the value is not used for calculation.
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the highest salary (sal) of all employees. Sample statement:
      select max(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 5000       |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the highest salary of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 5000       |
| 20         | 3000       |
| 30         | 2850       |
+------------+------------+

MIN

  • Syntax 
    min(<colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the minimum value of a column.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of any data type other than BOOLEAN.

  • Return value
    The type of the return value is the same as the type of the colname parameter. The return value varies based on the following rules:
    • If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.
    • If the value of colname is of the BOOLEAN type, the value is not used for calculation.
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the lowest salary (sal) of all employees. Sample statement:
      select min(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 800        |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the lowest salary of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, min(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 1300       |
| 20         | 800        |
| 30         | 950        |
+------------+------------+

MEDIAN

  • Syntax 
    double median(double <colname>)
decimal median(decimal <colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the median value of a column.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of the DOUBLE or DECIMAL type. If the input value is of the STRING or BIGINT type, the value is implicitly converted into the DOUBLE type before calculation.

  • Return value
    If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation. The following table describes the mappings between data types of input data and return values.
    Input type Return value type
    TINYINT DOUBLE
    SMALLINT DOUBLE
    INT DOUBLE
    BIGINT DOUBLE
    FLOAT DOUBLE
    DOUBLE DOUBLE
    DECIMAL DECIMAL
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the median salary (sal) values of all employees. Sample statement:
      select median(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 1600.0     |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the median salary values of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, median(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 2450.0     |
| 20         | 2975.0     |
| 30         | 1375.0     |
+------------+------------+

STDDEV

  • Syntax 
    double stddev(double <colname>)
decimal stddev(decimal <colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the population standard deviation of all the input values.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which is of the DOUBLE or DECIMAL type. If the input value is of the STRING or BIGINT type, it is implicitly converted into the DOUBLE type before calculation.

  • Return value
    If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation. The following table describes the mappings between data types of input data and return values.
    Input type Return value type
    TINYINT DOUBLE
    SMALLINT DOUBLE
    INT DOUBLE
    BIGINT DOUBLE
    FLOAT DOUBLE
    DOUBLE DOUBLE
    DECIMAL DECIMAL
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the population standard deviation of salary (sal) values of all employees. Sample statement:
      select stddev(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 1262.7549932628976 |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the population standard deviation of salary values of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, stddev(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 1546.1421524412158 |
| 20         | 1004.7387720198718 |
| 30         | 610.1001739241043 |
+------------+------------+

STDDEV_SAMP

  • Syntax 
    double stddev_samp(double <colname>)
decimal stddev_samp(decimal <colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the sample standard deviation of all the input values.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of the DOUBLE or DECIMAL type. If the input value is of the STRING or BIGINT type, the value is implicitly converted into the DOUBLE type before calculation.

  • Return value
    If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation. The following table describes the mappings between data types of input data and return values.
    Input type Return value type
    TINYINT DOUBLE
    SMALLINT DOUBLE
    INT DOUBLE
    BIGINT DOUBLE
    FLOAT DOUBLE
    DOUBLE DOUBLE
    DECIMAL DECIMAL
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the sample standard deviation of salary (sal) values of all employees. Sample statement:
      select stddev_samp(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 1301.6180541247609 |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the sample standard deviation of salary values of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, stddev_samp(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 1693.7138680032901 |
| 20         | 1123.3320969330487 |
| 30         | 668.3312551921141 |
+------------+------------+

SUM

  • Syntax 
    DECIMAL|DOUBLE|BIGINT  sum(<colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the sum of a column.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. Column values support all data types and can be converted into the DOUBLE type before calculation. The name of a column, which is of the DOUBLE, DECIMAL, or BIGINT type. If the input value is of the STRING type, the value is implicitly converted into the DOUBLE type before calculation.

  • Return value
    If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation. The following table describes the mappings between data types of input data and return values.
    Input type Return value type
    TINYINT BIGINT
    SMALLINT BIGINT
    INT BIGINT
    BIGINT BIGINT
    FLOAT DOUBLE
    DOUBLE DOUBLE
    DECIMAL DECIMAL
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the sum of salary (sal) values of all employees. Sample statement:
      select sum(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 37775      |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and calculate the sum of salary values of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 17500      |
| 20         | 10875      |
| 30         | 9400       |
+------------+------------+

WM_CONCAT

  • Syntax 
    string wm_concat(string <separator>, string <colname>)
  • Description

    Concatenates values in colname with a delimiter that is specified by separator.

  • Parameters
    • separator: required. The delimiter, which is a constant of the STRING type.
    • colname: required. The name of a column, which is of the STRING type. If the input value is of the BIGINT, DOUBLE, or DATETIME type, the value is implicitly converted into the STRING type before calculation.
  • Return value (The GROUP BY clause is specified, and the ORDER BY clause is not specified.)
    A value of the STRING type is returned. The return value varies based on the following rules:
    • If the value of separator is not a constant of the STRING type, an error is returned.
    • If the value of colname is not of the STRING, BIGINT, DOUBLE, or DATETIME type, an error is returned.
    • If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.
    Note If table_name in the select wm_concat(',', name) from table_name; statement is an empty set, null is returned.
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Concatenate the names (ename) of all employees. Sample statement:
      select wm_concat(',', ename) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| SMITH,ALLEN,WARD,JONES,MARTIN,BLAKE,CLARK,SCOTT,KING,TURNER,ADAMS,JAMES,FORD,MILLER,JACCKA,WELAN,TEBAGE |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and concatenate the names (ename) of employees in each department. Sample statement:
      select deptno, wm_concat(',', ename) from emp group by deptno order by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | CLARK,KING,MILLER,JACCKA,WELAN,TEBAGE |
| 20         | SMITH,JONES,SCOTT,ADAMS,FORD |
| 30         | ALLEN,WARD,MARTIN,BLAKE,TURNER,JAMES |
+------------+------------+
    • Example 3: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and concatenate the salary values of the employees in each department after duplicates are removed. Sample statement:
      select deptno, wm_concat(distinct ',', sal) from emp group by deptno order by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 1300,2450,5000 |
| 20         | 1100,2975,3000,800 |
| 30         | 1250,1500,1600,2850,950 |
+------------+------------+
    • Example 4: Use this function with GROUP BY and ORDER BY to group all employees by department (deptno), concatenate the salary values (sal) of all employees in each department, and sort the salary values (sal) in a specified order. Sample statement:
      select deptno, wm_concat(',', sal) within group(order by sal) from emp group by deptno order by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 1300,1300,2450,2450,5000,5000 |
| 20         | 800,1100,2975,3000,3000 |
| 30         | 950,1250,1250,1500,1600,2850 |
+------------+------------+

ANY_VALUE

  • Syntax 
    any_value(<colname>)
  • Description

    Returns a random value from a specified column. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of any data type.

  • Return value

    The data type of the return value is the same as the data type of the colname parameter. If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Select one of the employees. Sample statement:
      select any_value(ename) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| SMITH      |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees by department (deptno) and select one employee from each group. Sample statement:
      select deptno, any_value(ename) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | CLARK      |
| 20         | SMITH      |
| 30         | ALLEN      |
+------------+------------+

ARG_MAX

  • Syntax 
    arg_max(<valueToMaximize>, <valueToReturn>)
  • Description

    Finds the row in which the maximum value of valueToMaximize is included and returns the value of valueToReturn in the row. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters
    • valueToMaximize: required. Data of any data type.
    • valueToReturn: required. Data of any data type.
  • Return value

    The data type of the return value is the same as the data type of the valueToReturn parameter. If multiple rows have the largest value of valueToMaximize, the value of valueToReturn in one of the rows is randomly returned. If the value of valueToMaximize is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Return the name of the employee with the highest salary. Sample statement:
      select arg_max(sal, ename) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| KING       |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and return the name of the employee with the highest salary in each group. Sample statement:
      select deptno, arg_max(sal, ename) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | KING       |
| 20         | SCOTT      |
| 30         | BLAKE      |
+------------+------------+

ARG_MIN

  • Syntax 
    arg_min(<valueToMinimize>, <valueToReturn>)
  • Description

    Finds the row in which the minimum value of valueToMinimize is included and returns the value of valueToReturn in the row. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters
    • valueToMinimize: required. Data of any data type.
    • valueToReturn: required. Data of any data type.
  • Return value

    The data type of the return value is the same as the data type of the valueToReturn parameter. If multiple rows have the smallest value of valueToMinimize, the value of valueToReturn in one of the rows is randomly returned. If the value of valueToMinimize is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Return the name of the employee with the lowest salary. Sample statement:
      select arg_min(sal, ename) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| SMITH      |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and return the name of the employee with the lowest salary in each group. Sample statement:
      select deptno, arg_min(sal, ename) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | MILLER     |
| 20         | SMITH      |
| 30         | JAMES      |
+------------+------------+

MAX_BY

  • Syntax 
    max_by(<valueToReturn>,<valueToMaximize>)
  • Description

    Finds the row in which the maximum value of valueToMaximize is included and returns the value of valueToReturn in the row. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters
    • valueToMaximize: required. Data of any data type.
    • valueToReturn: required. Data of any data type.
  • Return value

    The data type of the return value is the same as the data type of the valueToReturn parameter. If multiple rows have the largest value of valueToMaximize, the value of valueToReturn in one of the rows is randomly returned. If the value of valueToMaximize is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Return the name of the employee with the highest salary. Sample statement:
      select max_by(ename,sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| KING       |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and return the name of the employee with the highest salary in each group. Sample statement:
      select deptno, max_by(ename,sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | KING       |
| 20         | SCOTT      |
| 30         | BLAKE      |
+------------+------------+

MIN_BY

  • Syntax 
    min_by(<valueToReturn>,<valueToMinimize>)
  • Description

    Finds the row in which the minimum value of valueToMinimize is included and returns the value of valueToReturn in the row. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters
    • valueToMinimize: required. Data of any data type.
    • valueToReturn: required. Data of any data type.
  • Return value

    The data type of the return value is the same as the data type of the valueToReturn parameter. If multiple rows have the smallest value of valueToMinimize, the value of valueToReturn in one of the rows is randomly returned. If the value of valueToMinimize is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Return the name of the employee with the lowest salary. Sample statement:
       select min_by(ename,sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| SMITH      |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and return the name of the employee with the lowest salary in each group. Sample statement:
      select deptno, min_by(ename,sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | MILLER     |
| 20         | SMITH      |
| 30         | JAMES      |
+------------+------------+

APPROX_DISTINCT

  • Syntax 
    approx_distinct(<colname>)
  • Description

    Returns the approximate number of distinct input values in a specified column. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of the column from which duplicates need to be removed.

  • Return value

    A value of the BIGINT type is returned. This function produces a standard error of 5%. If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the approximate number of distinct values in the sal column. Sample statement:
      select approx_distinct(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +-------------------+
| numdistinctvalues |
+-------------------+
| 12                |
+-------------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and calculate the approximate number of distinct values in the sal column. Sample statement:
      select deptno, approx_distinct(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+-------------------+
| deptno     | numdistinctvalues |
+------------+-------------------+
| 10         | 3                 |
| 20         | 4                 |
| 30         | 5                 |
+------------+-------------------+

COLLECT_LIST

  • Syntax 
    array collect_list(<colname>)
  • Description

    Aggregates the values in a column specified by colname into an array. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of any data type.

  • Return value

    A value of the ARRAY type is returned. If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Aggregate the values in the sal column of all employees into an array. Sample statement:
      select collect_list(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| [800,1600,1250,2975,1250,2850,2450,3000,5000,1500,1100,950,3000,1300,5000,2450,1300] |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and aggregate the values in the sal column of the employees in each group. Sample statement:
      select deptno, collect_list(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | [2450,5000,1300,5000,2450,1300] |
| 20         | [800,2975,3000,1100,3000] |
| 30         | [1600,1250,1250,2850,1500,950] |
+------------+------------+
    • Example 3: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and aggregate the values in the sal column of the employees in each group after duplicates are removed. Sample statement:
      select deptno, collect_list(distinct sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | [1300,2450,5000] |
| 20         | [800,1100,2975,3000] |
| 30         | [950,1250,1500,1600,2850] |
+------------+------------+

COLLECT_SET

  • Syntax 
    array collect_set(<colname>)
  • Description

    Aggregates the values in a column specified by colname into an array with only distinct values. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters

    colname: required. The name of a column, which can be of any data type.

  • Return value

    A value of the ARRAY type is returned. If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.

  • Examples
    • Example 1: Aggregate the values in the sal column of all employees into an array with only distinct values. Sample statement:
      select collect_set(sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| [800,950,1100,1250,1300,1500,1600,2450,2850,2975,3000,5000] |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and aggregate the values in the sal column of the employees in each group into an array with only distinct values. Sample statement:
      select deptno, collect_set(sal) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | [1300,2450,5000] |
| 20         | [800,1100,2975,3000] |
| 30         | [950,1250,1500,1600,2850] |
+------------+------------+

NUMERIC_HISTOGRAM

  • Syntax 
    map<double key, double value> numeric_histogram(bigint <buckets>,
                                                double <colname>
                                                [, double <weight>])
  • Description

    Returns the approximate histogram of a specified column. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

  • Parameters
    • buckets: required. A value of the BIGINT type. This parameter specifies the maximum number of buckets in the column whose approximate histogram is returned.
    • colname: required. A value of the DOUBLE type. This parameter specifies the columns whose approximate histograms need to be calculated.
    • weight: optional. The weight value of the DOUBLE type. This parameter specifies the weight of a row of data.
  • Return value
    A value of the map<double key, double value> type is returned. In the return value, key indicates the X-axis of the approximate histogram, and value indicates the approximate height of the Y-axis of the approximate histogram. The return value varies based on the following rules:
    • If the value of buckets is null, null is returned.
    • If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.
  • Examples
    • Return an approximate histogram of the sal column. Sample statement:
      select numeric_histogram(5, sal) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| {"1328.5714285714287":7.0,"2450.0":2.0,"5000.0":2.0,"875.0":2.0,"2956.25":4.0} |
+------------+
    • Return the approximate histogram of the sal column. The deptno in each row of data indicates the department weight. Sample statement:
      select numeric_histogram(5, sal, deptno) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| {"2944.4444444444443":90.0,"2450.0":20.0,"5000.0":20.0,"890.0":50.0,"1350.0":160.0} |
+------------+

PERCENTILE_APPROX

  • Syntax 
    double percentile_approx (double <colname>[, double <weight>], <p> [, <B>]))
-- Return multiple approximate percentiles as an array. 
array<double> percentile_approx (double <colname>
                                 [, double <weight>],
                                 array(<p1> [, <p2>...])
                                 [, <B>])
  • Description

    Returns approximate percentiles. This function applies to scenarios in which a large amount of data is calculated. This function sorts the values in a specified column in ascending order and returns the approximate percentile of the column at the pth percentage. The value of percentile_approx starts from 1. For example, if a column contains values of 100, 200, and 300, the sequence numbers of these values are 1, 2, and 3. If you calculate the 0.6th percentile of the column, the PERCENTILE_APPROX function returns 180, which is calculated by using the following formula: 100 + (200 - 100) × 0.8. This value corresponds to 1.8, which is calculated by using the formula 3 × 0.6 and is between sequence numbers 1 and 2. This function is an extension function of MaxCompute V2.0.

    Note Differences between PERCENTILE_APPROX and PERCENTILE:
    • PERCENTILE_APPROX is used to calculate the approximate percentile, and PERCENTILE is used to calculate the exact percentile. If the amount of data is large, PERCENTILE may fail to run due to memory limits, but PERCENTILE_APPROX does not have this issue.
    • The implementation of PERCENTILE_APPROX is consistent with that of PERCENTILE_APPROX in Hive, but the calculation algorithm of PERCENTILE_APPROX is different from that of PERCENTILE. If the amount of data is small, the execution result of PERCENTILE_APPROX is different from that of PERCENTILE.
  • Parameters
    • colname: required. The name of a column, which is of the DOUBLE type.
    • weight: optional. The weight value of the DOUBLE type. This parameter specifies the weight of a row of data.
    • p: required. The approximate percentile. Valid values: [0.0, 1.0].
    • B: the accuracy of the return value. A higher accuracy indicates a more accurate value. If you do not specify this parameter, 10000 is used by default.
  • Return value
    A value of the DOUBLE or ARRAY type is returned. The return value varies based on the following rules:
    • If the value of colname is null, the row that contains this value is not used for calculation.
    • If the value of p or B is null, an error is returned.
  • Examples
    • Example 1: Calculate the 0.3rd percentile in the sal column. Sample statement:
      select percentile_approx(sal, 0.3) from emp;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+
| _c0        |
+------------+
| 1252.5     |
+------------+
    • Example 2: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and calculate the 0.3rd percentile of employees in each group in the sal column. Sample statement:
      select deptno, percentile_approx(sal, 0.3) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | 1300.0     |
| 20         | 950.0      |
| 30         | 1070.0     |
+------------+------------+
    • Example 3: Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and calculate the 0.3rd, 0.5th, and 0.8th percentiles of employees in each group in the sal column. Sample statement:
      set odps.sql.type.system.odps2=true;
select deptno, percentile_approx(sal, array(0.3, 0.5, 0.8), 1000) from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | [1300.0,1875.0,3470.000000000001] |
| 20         | [950.0,2037.5,2987.5] |
| 30         | [1070.0,1250.0,1580.0] |
+------------+------------+
    • Example 4 (example with weight specified): Use this function with GROUP BY to group all employees based on the deptno column and calculate the 0.3rd, 0.5th, and 0.8th percentile of employees in each group in the sal column. Values in the cnt column of the emp table indicate the number of employees whose salaries are in the specified percentile. Sample statement:
      select deptno, percentile_approx(sal, deptno, array(0.3, 0.5, 0.8), 1000)
  from emp group by deptno;
      The following result is returned:
      +------------+------------+
| deptno     | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 10         | [1300.0,1875.0,3470.0] |
| 20         | [950.0,2037.5,2987.5] |
| 30         | [1070.0,1250.0,1580.0] |
+------------+------------+

BITWISE_OR_AGG

  • Syntax 
    bigint bitwise_or_agg(bigint value)
  • Description

    Aggregates input values based on the bitwise OR operation.

  • Parameters

    value: required. A value of the BIGINT type. The null value is not used for calculation.

  • Return value

    A value of the BIGINT type is returned.

  • Examples 
    select id, bitwise_or_agg(v) from
    values (1L, 2L), (1L, 1L), (2L, null), (1L, null) t(id, v) group by id;
    The following result is returned: 
    +------------+------------+
| id         | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 1          | 3          |
| 2          | NULL       |
+------------+------------+

BITWISE_AND_AGG

  • Syntax 
    bigint bitwise_and_agg(bigint value)
  • Description

    Aggregates input values based on the bitwise AND operation.

  • Parameters

    value: required. A value of the BIGINT type. The null value is not used for calculation.

  • Return value

    A value of the BIGINT type is returned.

  • Examples 
    select id, bitwise_and_agg(v) from
    values (1L, 2L), (1L, 1L), (2L, null), (1L, null) t(id, v) group by id;
    The following result is returned: 
    +------------+------------+
| id         | _c1        |
+------------+------------+
| 1          | 0          |
| 2          | NULL       |
+------------+------------+

MAP_AGG

  • Syntax 
    map<K, V> map_agg(K a, V b);
  • Description

    Returns a map that is created by using a and b. a is the key in the map. b is the value of the key in the map. If the key in the map is null, the key is ignored. If the key field has duplicate values, one of the values is randomly retained.

  • Parameters
    • a: an input field that is used as the key in the map.
    • b: an input field that is used as the value in the map.
  • Return value

    A new map is returned.

  • Examples 
    select map_agg(a, b) from
        values (1L, 'apple'), (2L, 'hi'), (null, 'good'), (1L, 'pie') t(a, b);
    The following result is returned: 
    +------------------------+
| _c0                    |
+------------------------+
| {"2":"hi","1":"apple"} |
+------------------------+

MULTIMAP_AGG

  • Syntax 
    map<K, array<V>> multimap_agg(K a, V b);
  • Description

    Returns a map that is created by using a and b. a is the key in the map. b is used to create an array, which is used as the value of the key in the map. If the key in the map is null, the key is ignored.

  • Parameters
    • a: an input field that is used as the key in the map.
    • b: an input field that is used as the value in the map. Fields that correspond to the same key are placed in the same array and are used as values in the map.
  • Return value

    A new map is returned.

  • Examples 
    select multimap_agg(a, b) from
        values (1L, 'apple'), (2L, 'hi'), (null, 'good'), (1L, 'pie') t(a, b);
    The following result is returned: 
    +----------------------------------+
| _c0                              |
+----------------------------------+
| {"2":["hi"],"1":["apple","pie"]} |
+----------------------------------+

MAP_UNION

  • Syntax 
    map<K, V> map_union(map<K, V> input);
  • Description

    Returns a new map that is the union of all input maps. If a key exists in multiple input maps, one of the values that correspond to the key is randomly retained.

  • Parameters

    input: the input maps.

  • Return value

    A new map is returned.

  • Examples 
    select map_union(a) from values
    (map(1L, 'hi', 2L, 'apple', 3L, 'pie')), (map(1L, 'good', 4L, 'this')), (null) t(a);
    The following result is returned: 
    +-----------------------------------------------+
| _c0                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| {"4":"this","1":"good","2":"apple","3":"pie"} |
+-----------------------------------------------+

MAP_UNION_SUM

  • Syntax 
    map<K, V> map_union_sum(map<K, V> input);
  • Description
    Returns a new map that is the union of all input maps. The output map sums the values of the matching keys in all input maps. If the value that corresponds to a key is null, the value is converted into 0.
    Note The values in input maps must be of the BIGINT, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, FLOAT, DOUBLE, or DECIMAL data type.
  • Parameters

    input: the input maps.

  • Return value
    A new map is returned.
    Note The values in the new map are of the BIGINT, DOUBLE, or DECIMAL type.
  • Examples 
    select map_union_sum(a) from values
    (map('hi', 2L, 'apple', 3L, 'pie', 1L)), (map('apple', null, 'hi', 4L)), (null) t(a);
    The following result is returned: 
    +----------------------------+
| _c0                        |
+----------------------------+
| {"apple":3,"hi":6,"pie":1} |
+----------------------------+

HISTOGRAM

  • Syntax 
    map<K, bigint> histogram(K input);
  • Description

    Returns a map that contains the number of times each input value appears. The keys in the map are the input values. Each value in the map is the number of times an input value appears. The null value is ignored.

  • Parameters

    input: input values, which are used as the keys in the map.

  • Return value

    A map that contains the number of times each input value appears is returned.

  • Examples 
    select histogram(a) from values
    ('hi'), (null), ('apple'), ('pie'), ('apple') t(a);
    The following result is returned: 
    +----------------------------+
| _c0                        |
+----------------------------+
| {"pie":1,"hi":1,"apple":2} |
+----------------------------+