Migrate data from PolarDB for MySQL to PolarDB-X 2.0 - Data Transmission Service

Prerequisites

A PolarDB-X 2.0 instance is created.
The PolarDB-X 2.0 instance must have more available storage space than the PolarDB for MySQL cluster occupies.

Usage notes

Note

DTS migrates foreign keys during schema migration.
During full and incremental data migration, DTS temporarily disables constraint checks and foreign key cascades at the session level. Cascade updates or deletes on the source database while the task runs may cause data inconsistency.

Type	Description
Source database limits	The server that hosts the source database must have sufficient outbound bandwidth. Otherwise, the data migration speed is affected. The tables to be migrated must have a primary key or a UNIQUE constraint, and the fields in the key or constraint must be unique. Otherwise, duplicate data may appear in the destination database. If you migrate data at the table level and need to edit the tables, such as mapping column names, a single data migration task can migrate a maximum of 1,000 tables. If you exceed this limit, an error is reported after you submit the task. In this case, split the tables into multiple migration tasks or configure a task to migrate the entire database. If you perform incremental migration: You must enable binary logging and set the loose_polar_log_bin parameter to on. Otherwise, the precheck reports an error and the data migration task cannot start. For more information about how to enable binary logging and modify parameters, see Enable binary logging and Modify parameters. Note Enabling binary logging for a PolarDB for MySQL cluster consumes storage space and incurs storage fees. The binary logs of the PolarDB for MySQL cluster must be retained for at least 3 days. We recommend a retention period of 7 days. Otherwise, DTS may fail to obtain the binary logs, which can cause the task to fail. In extreme cases, this can lead to data inconsistency or data loss. Issues caused by a binary log retention period shorter than the DTS requirement are not covered by the DTS Service-Level Agreement (SLA). Note For more information about how to set the retention period for binary logs of a PolarDB for MySQL cluster, see Modify the retention period. Operational limits for the source database: During full data migration, do not perform DDL operations that change the database or table schema. Otherwise, the data migration task fails. Note During full data migration, DTS queries the source database. This creates a metadata lock, which may block DDL operations on the source database. If you perform only full data migration, do not write new data to the source instance. Otherwise, data inconsistency occurs between the source and destination. To maintain real-time data consistency, select both full data migration and incremental data migration. Incremental migration of DDL operations is not supported. If you need to perform a DDL operation, run it on the destination database first and then on the source database.
Notes	If your source database uses temporary-table-mode online DDL operations—including multi-table merge scenarios—or adds function-based indexes to unique key columns, data loss or task failure may occur on the destination database. If a primary key or unique key conflict occurs during migration: If the table schemas are consistent and a record in the destination database has the same primary key value as a record in the source database: During full migration, DTS keeps the record in the destination database. The record from the source database is not migrated. During incremental migration, DTS does not keep the record in the destination database. The record from the source database overwrites the record in the destination database. If the table schemas are inconsistent, only some columns of data may be migrated, or the migration may fail. Proceed with caution. DTS does not support the migration of read-only nodes of the source PolarDB for MySQL instance. DTS does not support the migration of OSS external tables from the source PolarDB for MySQL instance. DTS does not support primary/standby switchover scenarios for the database instance during full data migration. In such a scenario, reconfigure the migration task promptly. Before you perform data migration, evaluate the performance of the source and destination databases. We recommend that you perform data migration during off-peak hours. During full data migration, DTS consumes read and write resources on both the source and destination databases, which may increase the database load. Full data migration involves concurrent INSERT operations, which causes table fragmentation in the destination database. As a result, the table storage space in the destination database is larger than that in the source instance after full migration is complete. Verify that the migration precision for columns of the FLOAT or DOUBLE data type meets your business requirements. DTS reads the values of these columns by using `ROUND(COLUMN,PRECISION)`. If the precision is not explicitly defined, DTS uses a default precision of 38 for FLOAT and 308 for DOUBLE. DTS attempts to recover failed tasks within seven days. Before you switch your workloads to the destination instance, you must end or release the task. Alternatively, revoke the write permissions of the database account that DTS uses to access the destination instance by using the `revoke` command. This prevents the source data from overwriting the data in the destination instance if the task is automatically recovered. DTS periodically runs the CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `test` command on the source database to advance the binary log offset. If a task fails, DTS support staff will attempt to restore it within eight hours. During restoration, they may restart the task or adjust its parameters. Note Only DTS task parameters are modified—not database parameters. Parameters that may be adjusted include those listed in Modify instance parameters.

Billing

Migration type	Instance configuration fee	Internet traffic fee
Schema migration and full data migration	Free of charge.	When the Access Method parameter of the destination database is set to Public IP Address, you are charged for Internet traffic. For more information, see Billing overview.
Incremental data migration	Charged. For more information, see Billing overview.

Migration types

Schema migration

Data Transmission Service (DTS) migrates the schema definitions of the migration objects from the source database to the destination database.
- DTS supports schema migration for tables, views, triggers, stored procedures, and functions.
  
  Note
  The routine_body of stored procedures, the routine_body of functions, and the select_statement of views are not modified.
- During schema migration, DTS changes the `DEFINER` to `INVOKER` for the views, stored procedures, and functions to be migrated. This action changes the value of `SQL SECURITY` to `INVOKER`. DTS also sets the `DEFINER` to the destination database account that is used for the migration task.
  
  Note
  The security authentication method and definer of the source database are not modified.
- Because DTS does not migrate user information, you must grant read and write permissions to the invoker to call views, stored procedures, and functions in the destination database.
Full migration

DTS migrates all historical data of the specified migration objects from the source database to the destination database.
Incremental migration

After a full migration is complete, DTS migrates incremental data updates from the source database to the destination database. Incremental migration lets you smoothly migrate data without interrupting your self-managed applications.

SQL operations for incremental migration

Type	SQL statement
DML	INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
DDL	ALTER TABLE and ALTER VIEW CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE INDEX, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE TABLE, and CREATE VIEW DROP INDEX and DROP TABLE RENAME TABLE Important A RENAME TABLE operation may cause data inconsistency. For example, if you select only one table as the migration object and rename the table in the source instance during migration, the data of this table is not migrated to the destination database. To prevent this issue, select the entire database to which the table belongs as the migration object when you configure the data migration task. Make sure that the databases to which the table belongs before and after the RENAME TABLE operation are both included in the migration objects. TRUNCATE TABLE

Required database permissions

Database	Required permissions
PolarDB for MySQL cluster	Read permissions on the objects to be migrated
PolarDB-X 2.0 instance	Read and write permissions on the migration objects

To create a database account and grant permissions:

PolarDB for MySQL cluster: See Create and manage database accounts.
PolarDB-X 2.0 instance: See Manage database accounts.

Procedure

Navigate to the migration task list page for the destination region using one of the following methods.
From the DTS console
1. Log on to the Data Transmission Service (DTS) console.
2. In the navigation pane on the left, click Data Migration.
3. In the upper-left corner of the page, select the region where the migration instance is located.
From the DMS console

Note
The actual operations may vary based on the mode and layout of the DMS console. For more information, see Simple mode console and Customize the layout and style of the DMS console.
1. Log on to the Data Management (DMS) console.
2. In the top menu bar, choose Data + AI > Data Transmission (DTS) > Data Migration.
3. To the right of Data Migration Tasks, select the region where the migration instance is located.
Click Create Task to navigate to the task configuration page.

Configure the source and destination databases.

Warning

After you select the source and destination instances, we recommend that you carefully read the limits displayed at the top of the page. Otherwise, the task may fail or data inconsistency may occur.

Category	Parameter	Description
N/A	Task Name	DTS automatically generates a task name. We recommend that you specify a descriptive name for easy identification. The name does not need to be unique.
Source Database	Select Existing Connection	To use a database instance that has been added to the system (created or saved), select the desired database instance from the drop-down list. The database information below will be automatically configured. Note In the DMS console, this parameter is named Select a DMS database instance.. If you have not registered the database instance with the system, or do not need to use a registered instance, manually configure the database information below.
	Database Type	Select PolarDB for MySQL.
	Access Method	Select Alibaba Cloud Instance.
	Instance Region	Select the region of the source PolarDB for MySQL cluster.
	PolarDB Cluster ID	Enter the ID of the source PolarDB for MySQL cluster.
	Database Account	Enter the database account of the source PolarDB for MySQL cluster. For the required permissions, see Permissions required for database accounts.
	Database Password	Enter the password for the database account.
	Encryption	Select a connection type as needed. For more information about the SSL encryption feature, see Enable SSL encryption.
Destination Database	Select Existing Connection	To use a database instance that has been added to the system (created or saved), select the desired database instance from the drop-down list. The database information below will be automatically configured. Note In the DMS console, this parameter is named Select a DMS database instance.. If you have not registered the database instance with the system, or do not need to use a registered instance, manually configure the database information below.
	Database Type	Select PolarDB-X 2.0.
	Access Method	Select Alibaba Cloud Instance.
	Instance Region	Select the region of the destination PolarDB-X 2.0 instance.
	Instance ID	Select the ID of the destination PolarDB-X 2.0 instance.
	Database Account	Enter the database account of the destination PolarDB-X 2.0 instance. For the required permissions, see Permissions required for database accounts.
	Database Password	Enter the password for the database account.

After you complete the configuration, click Test Connectivity and Proceed at the bottom of the page.

Note
Ensure that the DTS service IP address segments are automatically or manually added to the security settings of the source and destination databases to allow access from DTS servers. For more information, see Add DTS server IP addresses to a whitelist.

Configure the task objects.

On the Configure Objects page, configure the objects that you want to migrate.

Parameter	Description
Migration Types	If you only need to perform a full migration, select both Schema Migration and Full Data Migration. To perform a migration with no downtime, select Schema Migration, Full Data Migration, and Incremental Data Migration. Note If you do not select Schema Migration, you must ensure that a database and tables to receive the data exist in the destination database. You can also use the object name mapping feature in the Selected Objects box as needed. If you do not select Incremental Data Migration, do not write new data to the source instance during data migration to ensure data consistency.
Processing Mode for Existing Destination Tables	Precheck and Report Errors: Checks whether tables with the same names exist in the destination database. If no tables with the same names exist, the precheck is passed. If tables with the same names exist, an error is reported during the precheck, and the data migration task does not start. Note If a table in the destination database has the same name but cannot be easily deleted or renamed, you can change the name of the table in the destination database. For more information, see Object name mapping. Ignore Errors and Proceed: Skips the check for tables with the same names. Warning Selecting Ignore Errors and Proceed may cause data inconsistency and business risks. For example: If the table schemas are consistent and a record in the destination database has the same primary key value as a record in the source database: During full migration, DTS keeps the record in the destination database. The record from the source database is not migrated. During incremental migration, DTS does not keep the record in the destination database. The record from the source database overwrites the record in the destination database. If the table schemas are inconsistent, only some columns of data may be migrated, or the migration may fail. Proceed with caution.
Source Objects	Select one or more objects from the Source Objects section. Click the icon and add the objects to the Selected Objects section. Note The granularity for selecting migration objects is schema, table, and column. If you select only tables or columns as migration objects, other objects such as views, triggers, and stored procedures are not migrated to the destination database.
Selected Objects	To change the name of a single migration object in the target instance, right-click the object in the Selected Objects box. For more information, see Map individual schema, table, and column names. To change the names of multiple migration objects in the target instance, click Selected Objects in the upper-right corner of the Batch Edit box. For more information, see Map multiple schema, table, and column names. Note If you use the object name mapping feature, the migration of other objects that depend on the renamed object may fail. To filter data by using WHERE conditions, right-click a table to be migrated in the Selected Objects pane and set the filter conditions in the dialog box that appears. For details, see Set filter conditions. To select the SQL operations to be migrated at the database or table level, right-click a migration object in the Selected Objects pane and select the desired SQL operations in the dialog box that appears.

Click Next: Advanced Settings to configure advanced parameters.

Parameter	Description
Dedicated Cluster for Task Scheduling	By default, DTS schedules tasks on a shared cluster. You do not need to select one. If you want more stable tasks, you can purchase a dedicated cluster to run DTS migration tasks.
Retry Time for Failed Connections	After the migration task starts, if the connection to the source or destination database fails, DTS reports an error and immediately begins to retry the connection. The default retry duration is 720 minutes. You can customize the retry time to a value from 10 to 1440 minutes. We recommend that you set the duration to more than 30 minutes. If DTS reconnects to the source and destination databases within the specified duration, the migration task automatically resumes. Otherwise, the task fails. Note For multiple DTS instances that share the same source or destination, the network retry time is determined by the setting of the last created task. Because you are charged for the task during the connection retry period, we recommend that you customize the retry time based on your business needs, or release the DTS instance as soon as possible after the source and destination database instances are released.
Retry Time for Other Issues	After the migration task starts, if a non-connectivity issue, such as a DDL or DML execution exception, occurs in the source or destination database, DTS reports an error and immediately begins to retry the operation. The default retry duration is 10 minutes. You can customize the retry time to a value from 1 to 1440 minutes. We recommend that you set the duration to more than 10 minutes. If the related operations succeed within the specified retry duration, the migration task automatically resumes. Otherwise, the task fails. Important The value of Retry Time for Other Issues must be less than the value of Retry Time for Failed Connections.
Enable Throttling for Full Data Migration	During full migration, DTS consumes read and write resources on the source and destination databases, which may increase the database load. If required, you can enable throttling for the full migration task. You can set Queries per second (QPS) to the source database, RPS of Full Data Migration, and Data migration speed for full migration (MB/s) to reduce the load on the destination database. Note This configuration item is available only if you select Full Data Migration for Migration Types. You can also adjust the full migration speed after the migration instance is running.
Enable Throttling for Incremental Data Migration	If required, you can also choose to set speed limits for the incremental migration task. You can set RPS of Incremental Data Migration and Data migration speed for incremental migration (MB/s) to reduce the load on the destination database. Note This configuration item is available only if you select Incremental Data Migration for Migration Types. You can also adjust the incremental migration speed after the migration instance is running.
Environment Tag	You can select an environment tag to identify the instance. In this example, you do not need to select a tag.
Whether to delete SQL operations on heartbeat tables of forward and reverse tasks	Choose whether DTS writes heartbeat SQL information to the source database while the instance is running. Yes: Does not write heartbeat SQL information to the source database. The DTS instance may display latency. No: Writes heartbeat SQL information to the source database. This may interfere with source database operations like physical backups and cloning.
Configure ETL	Based on your business needs, select whether to configure the ETL feature to process data. Yes: Configures the ETL feature. You must also enter data processing statements in the text box. No: Does not configure the ETL feature.
Monitoring and Alerting	Select whether to set alerts and receive alert notifications based on your business needs. No: Does not set an alert. Yes: Configure alerts by setting an alert threshold and an alert notifications. If a migration fails or the latency exceeds the threshold, the system sends an alert notification.

Click Next: Data Validation to configure a data validation task.

For more information about the data validation feature, see Configure data validation.

Save the task and run a precheck.
- To view the parameters for configuring this instance when you call the API operation, move the pointer over the Next: Save Task Settings and Precheck button and click Preview OpenAPI parameters in the bubble that appears.
- If you do not need to view or have finished viewing the API parameters, click Next: Save Task Settings and Precheck at the bottom of the page.
Note
- Before the migration task starts, DTS performs a precheck. The task starts only after it passes the precheck.
- If the precheck fails, click View Details next to the failed check item, fix the issue based on the prompt, and then run the precheck again.
- If a warning is reported during the precheck:
  
  For check items that cannot be ignored, click View Details next to the failed item, fix the issue based on the prompt, and then run the precheck again.
  
  For check items that can be ignored, you can click Confirm Alert Details, Ignore, OK, and Precheck Again to skip the alert item and run the precheck again. If you choose to ignore a warning, it may cause issues such as data inconsistency and pose risks to your business.

Purchase the instance.

When the Success Rate is 100%, click Next: Purchase Instance.

On the Purchase page, select the link specification for the data migration instance. For more information, see the following table.

Category	Parameter	Description
New Instance Class	Resource Group Settings	Select the resource group to which the instance belongs. The default value is default resource group. For more information, see What is Resource Management?
New Instance Class	Instance Class	DTS provides migration specifications with different performance levels. The link specification affects the migration speed. You can select a specification based on your business scenario. For more information, see Data migration link specifications.

After the configuration is complete, read and select Data Transmission Service (Pay-as-you-go) Service Terms.
Click Buy and Start. In the OK dialog box that appears, click OK.

You can view the progress of the migration task on the Data Migration Tasks list page.
Note
- If the migration task does not include incremental migration, it stops automatically after the full migration is complete. After the task stops, its Status changes to Completed.
- If the migration task includes incremental migration, it does not stop automatically. The incremental migration task continues to run. While the incremental migration task is running, the Status of the task is Running.