Migrate data from an Oracle database to an AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL instance

Syntax conversion by using Ora2Pg

Ora2Pg is an open source tool. You can use it to convert DDL, view, and package statements in Oracle to PostgreSQL-compatible syntax. For more information, see the Ora2Pg documentation.

orafunc

AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL provides the orafunc plug-in, which offers functions that are compatible with the syntax of Oracle SQL statements. These functions can be used by AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL without modifications or conversions.

Before using this plug-in, execute the create extension orafunc; statement.

postgres=> create extension orafunc;
CREATE EXTENSION

The following table lists the orafunc-provided functions that are compatible with the syntax of Oracle SQL statements.

postgres=# select nvl(null,1);
nvl
-----
  1
(1 row)

postgres=# select nvl(0,1);
nvl
-----
  0
(1 row)

postgres=# select nvl(0,null);
nvl
-----
  0
(1 row)

postgres=# select add_months(current_date, 2);
add_months
------------
2019-08-31
(1 row)

postgres=# select last_day('2018-06-01');
 last_day
------------
2018-06-30
(1 row)

postgres=# select next_day(current_date, 'FRIDAY');
 next_day
------------
2019-07-05
(1 row)

postgres=# select next_day('2019-06-22', 1);
 next_day
------------
2019-06-23
(1 row)

postgres=# select next_day('2019-06-22', 2);
 next_day
------------
2019-06-24
(1 row)

postgres=# select months_between('2019-01-01', '2018-11-01');
months_between
----------------
             2
(1 row)

postgres=# select months_between('2018-11-01', '2019-01-01');
months_between
----------------
            -2
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT TRUNC(current_date,'Q');
  trunc
------------
2019-04-01
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT TRUNC(current_date,'Y');
  trunc
------------
2019-01-01
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT TRUNC('2019-12-11'::timestamp);
        trunc
------------------------
2019-12-11 00:00:00+08
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT TRUNC('2019-12-11'::timestamp,'Y');
        trunc
------------------------
2019-01-01 00:00:00+08

postgres=# SELECT round('2018-10-06 13:11:11'::timestamp, 'YEAR');
        round
------------------------
2019-01-01 00:00:00+08
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT round('2018-10-06 13:11:11'::timestamp);
        round
------------------------
2018-10-07 00:00:00+08
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT round(TO_DATE('27-OCT-00','DD-MON-YY'), 'YEAR');
  round
------------
2001-01-01
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT round(TO_DATE('27-FEB-00','DD-MON-YY'), 'YEAR');
  round
------------
2000-01-01
(1 row)

ostgres=# SELECT round(TO_DATE('27-FEB-00','DD-MON-YY'));
  round
------------
2000-02-27
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT instr('Greenplum', 'e',1,2);
instr
-------
    4
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT instr('Greenplum', 'e',1,1);
instr
-------
    3
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT instr('Greenplum', 'e',1);
instr
-------
    3
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT instr('Greenplum', 'e');
instr
-------
    3
(1 row)

postgres=> select reverse('adb4pg', 5,6);
reverse
---------
gp

ostgres=> select reverse('adb4pg', 4);
reverse
---------
gp4

postgres=> select reverse('adb4pg');
reverse
---------
gp4bda
(1 row)

postgres=> select concat('adb','4pg');
concat
--------
adb4pg
(1 row)

postgres=> select concat('adb4pg', 6666);
  concat
------------
adb4pg6666
(1 row)

postgres=> select concat(6666, 6666);
 concat
----------
66666666
(1 row)

postgres=> select concat(current_date, 6666);
    concat
----------------
2019-06-306666
(1 row)

postgres=> select nanvl('NaN', 1.1);
nanvl
-------
  1.1
(1 row)

postgres=> select nanvl('1.2', 1.1);
nanvl
-------
  1.2
(1 row)

postgres=# select bitand(1,3);
bitand
--------
     1
(1 row)

postgres=# select bitand(2,6);
bitand
--------
     2
(1 row)

postgres=# select bitand(4,6);
bitand
--------
     4
(1 row)

postgres=> SELECT listagg1_transfn(t, '.') FROM (VALUES('abc'), ('def')) as l(t);
listagg1_transfn
------------------
abc.def.

postgres=> SELECT listagg(t) FROM (VALUES('abc'), ('def')) as l(t);
listagg
---------
abcdef
(1 row)

postgres=> SELECT listagg(t, '.') FROM (VALUES('abc'), ('def')) as l(t);
listagg
---------
abc.def
(1 row)

postgres=> select nvl2(null, 1, 2);
nvl2
------
   2
(1 row)

postgres=> select nvl2(0, 1, 2);
nvl2
------
   1
(1 row)

postgres=> select lnnvl(null);
lnnvl
-------
t
(1 row)

postgres=> select lnnvl(false);
lnnvl
-------
t
(1 row)

postgres=> select lnnvl(true);
lnnvl
-------
f
(1 row)

postgres=> select dump('adb4pg');
                dump
---------------------------------------
Typ=705 Len=7: 97,100,98,52,112,103,0
(1 row)

postgres=> select dump('adb4pg', 10);
                dump
---------------------------------------
Typ=705 Len=7: 97,100,98,52,112,103,0
(1 row)

postgres=> select dump('adb4pg', 16);
               dump
------------------------------------
Typ=705 Len=7: 61,64,62,34,70,67,0
(1 row)

postgres=> select dump('adb4pg', 2);
ERROR:  unknown format (others.c:430)

create table t1 (name text);
INSERT INTO t1 VALUES('Anne'), ('anne'), ('Bob'), ('bob');
postgres=> select from t1 order by nlssort(name, 'en_US.UTF-8');
name
------
anne
Anne
bob
Bob
(4 rows)

postgres=> select from t1 order by nlssort(name, 'C');
name
------
Anne
Bob
anne
bob
(4 rows)

postgres=> select substr('adb4pg', 1);
substr
--------
adb4pg
(1 row)

postgres=> select substr('adb4pg', 4);
substr
--------
4pg
(1 row)

postgres=> select substr('adb4pg', 5,6);
substr
--------
pg
(1 row)

postgres=> select substr('adb4pg'::varchar2, 5,6) ;
substr
--------
pg
(1 row)

postgres=> select substr('adb4pg'::varchar2, 4) ;
substr
--------
4pg
(1 row)

ostgres=> select lengthb('adb4pg'::varchar2) ;
lengthb
---------
      6
(1 row)

In addition to the preceding functions, orafunc is compatible with the VARCHAR2 data type in Oracle.

The four Oracle functions listed in the following table are compatible with AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL. Therefore, they can be used in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL without installing the orafunc plug-in.

postgres=# select sinh(0.1);
      sinh
-------------------
0.100166750019844
(1 row)

postgres=# select tanh(3);
      tanh
------------------
0.99505475368673
(1 row)

postgres=# select cosh(0.2);
      cosh
------------------
1.02006675561908
(1 row)

create table t1(id int, name varchar(20));
postgres=# insert into t1 values(1,'alibaba');
postgres=# insert into t1 values(2,'adb4pg');
postgres=# select decode(id, 1, 'alibaba', 2, 'adb4pg', 'not found') from t1;
 case
---------
alibaba
adb4pg
(2 rows)

postgres=# select decode(id, 3, 'alibaba', 4, 'adb4pg', 'not found') from t1;
  case
-----------
not found
not found
(2 rows)

Mapping between Oracle data types and AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL data types

Mapping between Oracle functions and AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL functions

Conversion of data in PL/SQL

Procedural Language/SQL (PL/SQL) is a procedural extension provided by Oracle Corporation for SQL. PL/SQL enables SQL to have the features of general programming languages and can be used to implement complex business logic. PL/SQL corresponds to Procedural Language/PostgreSQL (PL/pgSQL) in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL.

Packages

PL/pgSQL does not support packages. You must convert packages to schemas. In addition, all the procedures and functions in packages must be converted to functions supported by AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL.

Example:

create or replace package pkg is 

...

end;

Conversion result:

create schema pkg;

• Variables defined in packages

  Local variables of procedures and functions remain unchanged, and global variables can be stored in temporary tables in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL.

• Package initialization blocks

  You must remove package initialization blocks. If they cannot be removed, encapsulate them in functions and call the functions when necessary.

• Procedures and functions defined in packages

  Convert procedures and functions defined in packages to functions supported by AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL. Each function must be defined in the schema that corresponds to the involved package.

  For example, a package named pkg has the following function:

  FUNCTION test_func (args int) RETURN int is
  var number := 10;
  BEGIN
  ... ...
  END;

  The preceding function must be converted to the following function supported by AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL:

  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pkg. test_func(args int) RETURNS int AS
  $$
  
    ... ...
  
  $$
   LANGUAGE plpgsql;

Procedures and functions

Convert package-specific and global procedures and functions in Oracle.

Example:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_func (v_name varchar2, v_version varchar2)
RETURN varchar2 IS
    ret varchar(32);
BEGIN
    IF v_version IS NULL THEN
        ret := v_name;
ELSE
    ret := v_name || '/' || v_version;
    END IF;
    RETURN ret;
END;

Conversion result:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_func (v_name varchar, v_version varchar)
RETURNS varchar AS
$$

DECLARE
    ret varchar(32);
BEGIN
    IF v_version IS NULL THEN
        ret := v_name;
ELSE
    ret := v_name || '/' || v_version;
    END IF;
    RETURN ret;
END;

$$
 LANGUAGE plpgsql;

Note the following when you convert a procedure or function:

• Convert the RETURN keyword to RETURNS.
• Use $\$ ... $\$ to encapsulate a function body.
• Pay attention to function language declarations.
• Convert a subprocedure to a function supported by AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL.

PL statements

• FOR statements
  In PL/SQL and PL/pgSQL, integer FOR loops with REVERSE statements work differently:

  • PL/SQL counts down from the second number to the first number.
  • PL/pgSQL counts down from the first number to the second number.

  Therefore, loop boundaries need to be exchanged during conversion. Example:

  FOR i IN REVERSE 1..3 LOOP
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (TO_CHAR(i));
  END LOOP;

  Conversion result:

  FOR i IN REVERSE 3..1 LOOP
      RAISE '%' ,i;
  END LOOP;

• PRAGMA statements

  AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL does not support PRAGMA statements. Therefore, you must delete such statements.

• Transaction processing

  Functions of AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL do not support transaction control statements such as BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK.

  These statements must be processed as follows:

  • Delete the transaction control statements in function bodies, and put them outside the function bodies.
  • Split functions based on COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements.
• EXECUTE statements

  AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL supports dynamic SQL statements that are similar to those in Oracle. The differences are as follows:

  • The dynamic SQL statements in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL do not support the USING syntax. You must join parameters into SQL strings.
  • Database identifiers are packaged by using quote_ident, and numeric values are packaged by using quote_literal.

  Example:

  EXECUTE 'UPDATE employees_temp SET commission_pct = :x' USING a_null;

  Conversion result:

  EXECUTE 'UPDATE employees_temp SET commission_pct = ' || quote_literal(a_null);

• PIPE ROW statements

  Use the table functions in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL to replace PIPE ROW statements.

  Example:

  TYPE pair IS RECORD(a int, b int);
  TYPE numset_t IS TABLE OF pair;
  
  FUNCTION f1(x int) RETURN numset_t PIPELINED IS
  DECLARE
      v_p pair;
  BEGIN
      FOR i IN 1..x LOOP
        v_p.a := i;
        v_p.b := i+10;
        PIPE ROW(v_p);
      END LOOP;
      RETURN;
  END;
  
  select * from f1(10);

  Conversion result:

  create type pair as (a int, b int);
  
  create or replace function f1(x int) returns setof pair as
  $$
  
  declare
  rec pair;
  begin
      for i in 1..x loop
          rec := row(i, i+10);
          return next rec;
      end loop;
      return ;
  end
  
  $$
   language 'plpgsql';
  
  select * from f1(10);

  Notes:

  • Convert a custom pair to a composite pair.
  • You do not need to define the Table Of type. Replace it with Set Of in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL.
  • Convert a PIPE ROW statement to the following two statements:

      rec := row(i);
      return next rec;

    The preceding Oracle function can also be converted to the following statement:

    create or replace function f1(x int) returns setof record as
    $$
    
    declare
    rec record;
    begin
        for i in 1..x loop
            rec := row(i, i+10);
            return next rec;
        end loop;
        return ;
    end
    
    $$
    language 'plpgsql';

    In the second conversion method, you do not need to pre-define the NUMSET_T data type, which differs from the first conversion method. This requires you to specify the data type of the return value during a query, such as select * from f1(10) as (a int, b int);.

• Exception handling
  • Use the raise function to throw an exception.
  • After the exception is caught, the involved transaction cannot be rolled back. Rollback is only allowed outside user-defined functions.
  • For error codes supported in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL, visit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/errcodes-appendix.html.
• Functions with both return and out parameters

  In AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL, a function cannot contain both a return parameter and an out parameter. Therefore, you must convert the return parameter to an out parameter.

  Example:

  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_func(id int, name varchar(10), out_id out int) returns varchar(10)
  AS $body$
  BEGIN
        out_id := id + 1;
        return name;
  end
  $body$
  LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;

  Conversion result:

  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_func(id int, name varchar(10), out_id out int, out_name out varchar(10))
  AS $body$
  BEGIN
        out_id := id + 1;
        out_name := name;
  end
  $body$
  LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;

  Then execute the select * from test_func(1,'1') into rec; statement to obtain the return value of the corresponding field from rec.

• Quotation marks (') contained in variables in string connections

  In the following example, the variable param2 is of the STRING data type. Assume that the value of this variable is adb'-'pg. If sql_str is directly used in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL, - is identified as an operator, which causes an error. Therefore, you must use the quote_literal function to convert the variable.

  Example:

  sql_str := 'select * from test1 where col1 = ' || param1 || ' and col2 = '''|| param2 || '''and col3 = 3';

  Conversion result:

  sql_str := 'select * from test1 where col1 = ' || param1 || ' and col2 = '|| quote_literal(param2) || 'and col3 = 3';

• Obtain the number of days between two timestamps

  Example:

  SELECT to_date('2019-06-30 16:16:16') - to_date('2019-06-29 15:15:15') + 1 INTO v_days from dual;

  Conversion result:

  SELECT extract('days' from '2019-06-30 16:16:16'::timestamp - '2019-06-29 15:15:15'::timestamp + '1 days'::interval)::int INTO v_days;

PL data types

• RECORD

  Convert the RECORD data type to the composite data type in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL.

  Example:

  TYPE rec IS RECORD (a int, b int);

  Conversion result:

  CREATE TYPE rec AS (a int, b int);

• NESTED TABLE
  • As a variable in PL, the NESTED TABLE data type can be converted to the ARRAY data type in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL.

    Example:

    DECLARE
      TYPE Roster IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(15);
      names Roster :=
      Roster('D Caruso', 'J Hamil', 'D Piro', 'R Singh');
    BEGIN
      FOR i IN names.FIRST .. names.LAST
      LOOP
          IF names(i) = 'J Hamil' THEN
            DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(names(i));
          END IF;
      END LOOP;
    END;

    Conversion result:

    create or replace function f1() returns void as
    $$
    
    declare
        names varchar(15)[] := '{"D Caruso", "J Hamil", "D Piro", "R Singh"}';
        len int := array_length(names, 1);
    begin
        for i in 1..len loop
            if names[i] = 'J Hamil' then
                raise notice '%', names[i];
            end if;
        end loop;
        return ;
    end
    
    $$
     language 'plpgsql';
    
    select f();

  • If a nested table is used as the return value of a function, you can use the table function to replace it.
• ASSOCIATIVE ARRAY

  No replacement is available for this data type.

• VARIABLE-SIZE ARRAY

  Similar to the NESTED TABLE data type, the VARIABLE-SIZE ARRAY data type can be converted to the ARRAY data type.

• Global variable

  AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL does not support global variables. You can store all global variables of a package in a temporary table and define a function used to obtain them.

  Example:

  create temporary table global_variables (
          id int,
          g_count int,
          g_set_id varchar(50),
          g_err_code varchar(100)
  );
  
  insert into global_variables values(0, 1, null, null);
  
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_variable() returns setof global_variables AS
  
  $$
  
  DECLARE
      rec global_variables%rowtype;
  BEGIN
      execute 'select * from global_variables' into rec;
      return next rec;
  END;
  
  $$
   LANGUAGE plpgsql;
  
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION set_variable(in param varchar(50), in value anyelement) returns void AS
  
  $$
  
  BEGIN
      execute 'update global_variables set ' ||  quote_ident(param) || ' = ' || quote_literal(value);
  END;
  
  $$
   LANGUAGE plpgsql;

  In the global_variables temporary table, the id field is the distribution key of the table. As AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL does not allow the modification of a distribution key, you must add the tmp_rec record; field to the table.

  To modify a global variable, execute select * from set_variable('g_error_code', 'error'::varchar) into tmp_rec;.

  To obtain a global variable, execute select * from get_variable() into tmp_rec; error_code := tmp_rec.g_error_code;.

SQL

• Connect By

  Connect By is used to process hierarchical queries in Oracle. No equivalent SQL statements can be found in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL to replace a Connect By statement. You can use circular traversal by hierarchy to convert it.

  Example:

  create table employee(
         emp_id numeric(18),
         lead_id numeric(18),
         emp_name varchar(200),
         salary numeric(10,2),
         dept_no varchar(8)
  );
  insert into employee values('1',0,'king','1000000.00','001');
  insert into employee values('2',1,'jack','50500.00','002');
  insert into employee values('3',1,'arise','60000.00','003');
  insert into employee values('4',2,'scott','30000.00','002');
  insert into employee values('5',2,'tiger','25000.00','002');
  insert into employee values('6',3,'wudde','23000.00','003');
  insert into employee values('7',3,'joker','21000.00','003');
  insert into employee values('3',7,'joker','21000.00','003');

  select emp_id,lead_id,emp_name,prior emp_name as lead_name,salary
       from employee
       start with  lead_id=0
       connect by prior emp_id =  lead_id

  Conversion result:

  create or replace function f1(tablename text, lead_id int, nocycle boolean) returns setof employee as
  $$
  
  declare
      idx int := 0;
      res_tbl varchar(265) := 'result_table';
      prev_tbl varchar(265) := 'tmp_prev';
      curr_tbl varchar(256) := 'tmp_curr';
  
      current_result_sql varchar(4000);
      tbl_count int;
  
      rec record;
  begin
  
      execute 'truncate ' || prev_tbl;
      execute 'truncate ' || curr_tbl;
      execute 'truncate ' || res_tbl;
      loop
          -- Query the current hierarchical result and insert it into the tmp_curr table.
          current_result_sql := 'insert into ' || curr_tbl || ' select t1.* from ' || tablename || ' t1';
  
          if idx > 0 then
              current_result_sql := current_result_sql || ', ' || prev_tbl || ' t2 where t1.lead_id = t2.emp_id';
          else
              current_result_sql := current_result_sql || ' where t1.lead_id = ' || lead_id;
          end if;
          execute current_result_sql;
  
          -- If there is a loop, delete the data that has been traversed.
          if nocycle is false then
              execute 'delete from ' || curr_tbl || ' where (lead_id, emp_id) in (select lead_id, emp_id from ' || res_tbl || ') ';
          end if;
  
          -- Exit if there is no data.
          execute 'select count(*) from ' || curr_tbl into tbl_count;
          exit when tbl_count = 0;
  
          -- Save data in the tmp_curr table to the result table.
          execute 'insert into ' || res_tbl || ' select * from ' || curr_tbl;
          execute 'truncate ' || prev_tbl;
          execute 'insert into ' || prev_tbl || ' select * from ' || curr_tbl;
          execute 'truncate ' || curr_tbl;
          idx := idx + 1;
      end loop;
  
      -- Return results.
      current_result_sql := 'select * from ' || res_tbl;
      for rec in execute current_result_sql loop
          return next rec;
      end loop;
      return;
  end
  
  $$
   language plpgsql;

• Rownum
  1. This statement is used to limit the size of a result set. You can use a limit statement to replace it.

     Example:

     select * from t where rownum < 10;

     Conversion result:

     select * from t limit 10;

  2. Use row_number() over() to generate rownum.

     Example:

     select rownum, * from t;

     Conversion result:

     select row_number() over() as rownum, * from t;

• DUAL table
  1. Remove dual.

     Example:

     select sysdate from dual;

     Conversion result:

     select current_timestamp;

  2. Create a DUAL table.
• User-defined functions in SELECT

  AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL allows you to call user-defined functions in SELECT. However, these functions cannot contain SQL statements. If they contain SQL statements, the following error message is displayed:

  ERROR: function cannot execute on segment because it accesses relation "public.t2" (functions.c:155) (seg1 slice1 127.0.0.1:25433 pid=52153) (cdbdisp.c:1326)
  DETAIL:
  SQL statement "select b from t2 where a = $1 "

  To prevent this error message, convert the user-defined functions to SQL expressions or subqueries.

  Example:

  create or replace FUNCTION f1(arg int) RETURN int IS
      v int;
  BEGIN
      select b into v from t2 where a = arg;
      return v;
  END;
  
  select a, f1(b) from t1;

  Conversion result:

  select t1.a, t2.b from t1, t2 where t1.b = t2.a;

• Multi-table outer join (+)

  AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL does not support the (+) syntax. You must convert it to the standard outer join syntax.

  Example:

  oracle
  select * from a,b where a.id=b.id(+)

  Conversion result:

  select * from a left join b on a.id=b.id

  If the (+) syntax involves a join of three tables, use wte to join two tables first, and then perform an outer join on the wte table and the table connected with +.

  Example:

  Select * from test1 t1, test2 t2, test3 t3 where t1.col1(+) between NVL(t2.col1, t3.col1) and NVL(t3.col1, t2.col1);

  Conversion result:

  with cte as (select t2.col1 as low, t2.col2, t3.col1 as high, t3.col2 as c2 from t2, t3)
  select * from t1 right outer join cte on t1.col1 between coalesce(cte.low, cte.high) and coalesce(cte.high,cte.low);

• Merge Into

  To convert the Merge Into syntax, execute an UPDATE statement in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL first, and use the GET DIAGNOSTICS rowcount := ROW_COUNT; statement to obtain the number of updated rows. If the number of updated rows is 0, execute an INSERT statement to insert data.

  MERGE INTO test1 t1
              USING (SELECT t2.col1 col1, t3.col2 col2,
                       FROM test2 t2, test3 t3) S
              ON S.col1 = 1 and S.col2 = 2
  WHEN MATCHED THEN
                UPDATE
                SET test1.col1 = S.col1+1,
                       test1.col2 = S.col2+2
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
                INSERT (col1, col2)
                VALUES
                  (S.col1+1, S.col2+2);

  Conversion result:

  Update test1 t1 SET t1.col1 = test2.col1+1, test3.col2 = S.col2+2 where test2.col1 = 1 and test2.col2 = 2;
  GET DIAGNOSTICS rowcount := ROW_COUNT;
  if rowcount = 0 then
      insert into test1 values(test2.col1+1, test3.col2+2);
  end if;

• Sequence

  Example:

  create sequence seq1;
  select seq1.nextval from dual;

  Conversion result:

  create SEQUENCE seq1;
  select nextval('seq1');

• Cursor
  • In Oracle, you can use the following statement to traverse cursors.

    Example:

    FUNCTION test_func() IS
        Cursor data_cursor IS SELECT * from test1;
    BEGIN
        FOR I IN data_cursor LOOP
            Do something with I;
    END LOOP;
    END;

    Conversion result:

    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_func()
    AS $body$
    DECLARE
    data_cursor cursor for select * from test1;
    I record;
    BEGIN
        Open data_cursor;
        LOOP
           Fetch data_cursor INTO I;
          If not found then
                Exit;
          End if;
          Do something with I;
        END LOOP;
        Close data_cursor;
    END;
    $body$
    LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;

  • In Oracle, cursors with the same name can be opened in recursively called functions. However, this is not allowed in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL. Equivalent statements in AnalyticDB for PostgreSQL must be in the format of For I in query.

    Example:

    FUNCTION test_func(level IN numer) IS
        Cursor data_cursor IS SELECT * from test1;
    BEGIN
    If level > 5 then
            return;
       End if;
    
        FOR I IN data_cursor LOOP
            Do something with I;
            test_func(level + 1);
    END LOOP;
    END;

    Conversion result:

    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION test_func(level int) returns void
    AS $body$
    DECLARE
    data_cursor cursor for select * from test1;
    I record;
    BEGIN
        If level > 5 then
            return;
        End if;
        For I in select * from test1 LOOP
          Do something with I;
           PERFORM test_func(level+1);
        END LOOP;
    END;
    $body$
    LANGUAGE PLPGSQL;