Use Mixed Storage of Rows and Columns in PostgreSQL Zedstore

By digoal

Background

Zedstore is an open-source storage plug-in developed based on the AM interfaces of PostgreSQL. It is an open-source plug-in developed by pivotal, a major commercial PG company. Its source code is available via GitHub.

Click the following links to see the design documents:

Why is the zedstore a string-column hybrid storage? Some columns that do not need to be counted can be packed together for row storage to improve kv retrieval efficiency. The following example shows how to split and store columns for statistics. This helps reduce the I/O throughput of statistical queries and increases the compression ratio.

What business scenario problems does zedstore solve?

Performance degradation caused by frequent updates and delayed garbage collection (common problems with block devices and long transactions) of the index and heap tables
Intermittent force freeze due to 32-bit transaction numbers. In frequent update scenarios, a large amount of I/O is triggered, resulting in performance jitter
OLAP analysis scenarios, large wide tables, and pivoting analysis performance problems in any combination of columns

The first two are the common problems of the heap engine for PG. The third is the problem that PG must solve as a high-performance OLTP + OLAP hybrid database.

If zedstore is released in a stable manner, it can be a superb storage engine for PG.

Usage Examples

git clone https://github.com/greenplum-db/postgres/
  
git branch -a
  
git checkout -b remotes/origin/zedstore

useradd digoal
  
mkdir /data01/digoal
  
chown digoal:digoal /data01/digoal

cp -r postgres /home/digoal/
  
chown -R digoal:digoal /home/digoal/postgres

Install lz4. Otherwise, zedstore will be slow:

yum install -y lz4-devel

su - digoal
cd postgres
./configure --prefix=/home/digoal/pg_zedstore --with-lz4
make world -j 4
make install-world

vi ~/.bash_profile   
# 追加        
export PS1="$USER@`/bin/hostname -s`-> "          
export PGPORT=1921  
export PGDATA=/data01/digoal/pg_root         
        
export LANG=en_US.utf8          
export PGHOME=/home/digoal/pg_zedstore  
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:/lib64:/usr/lib64:/usr/local/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH          
export DATE=`date +"%Y%m%d%H%M"`          
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH:.          
export MANPATH=$PGHOME/share/man:$MANPATH          
export PGHOST=$PGDATA          
export PGUSER=postgres          
export PGDATABASE=postgres          
alias rm='rm -i'          
alias ll='ls -lh'          
unalias vi

initdb -D $PGDATA -U postgres -E UTF8 --lc-collate=C --lc-ctype=en_US.utf8

vi postgresql.conf
listen_addresses = '0.0.0.0'
port = 1921
max_connections = 300
unix_socket_directories = '/tmp, .'
unix_socket_permissions = 0700
tcp_keepalives_idle = 60
tcp_keepalives_interval = 10
tcp_keepalives_count = 10
shared_buffers = 8GB
maintenance_work_mem = 1GB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix
vacuum_cost_delay = 0
bgwriter_delay = 10ms
bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 1000
bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 10.0
synchronous_commit = off
wal_compression = on
wal_writer_delay = 10ms
max_wal_size = 24GB
min_wal_size = 8GB
random_page_cost = 1.1
log_destination = 'csvlog'
logging_collector = on
log_checkpoints = on
log_timezone = 'Asia/Shanghai'
log_autovacuum_min_duration = 0
autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 1200000000
Weight = 1400000000
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 0ms
vacuum_freeze_table_age = 1150000000
Price = 1150000000
datestyle = 'iso, mdy'
timezone = 'Asia/Shanghai'
lc_messages = 'en_US.utf8'
lc_monetary = 'en_US.utf8'
lc_numeric = 'en_US.utf8'
lc_time = 'en_US.utf8'
default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'

pg_ctl start

Test the data:

postgres=# do language plpgsql $$  
declare  
  sql text;  
begin  
  sql := 'create table t_heap (id int8,';      
  for i in 1..10 loop  
    sql := sql||'int'||i||' int,';  
  end loop;  
  for i in 1..10 loop  
    sql := sql||'text'||i||' text,';  
  end loop;  
  sql := sql||'crt_time timestamp) using heap';      
  execute sql;  
end;  
$$;

postgres=# do language plpgsql $$  
declare  
  sql text;  
begin  
  sql := 'create table t_zedstore (id int8,';  
  for i in 1..10 loop  
    sql := sql||'int'||i||' int,';  
  end loop;  
  for i in 1..10 loop  
    sql := sql||'text'||i||' text,';  
  end loop;  
  sql := sql||'crt_time timestamp) using zedstore';  
  execute sql;  
end;  
$$;

postgres=# \d+ t_heap   
                                              Table "public.t_heap"  
  Column  |            Type             | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage  | Stats target | Description   
----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------------+-------------  
 id       | bigint                      |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int1     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int2     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int3     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int4     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int5     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int6     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int7     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int8     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int9     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int10    | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 text1    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text2    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text3    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text4    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text5    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text6    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text7    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text8    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text9    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text10   | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 crt_time | timestamp without time zone |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
Access method: heap  
  
postgres=# \d+ t_zedstore   
                                            Table "public.t_zedstore"  
  Column  |            Type             | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage  | Stats target | Description   
----------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------------+-------------  
 id       | bigint                      |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int1     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int2     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int3     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int4     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int5     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int6     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int7     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int8     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int9     | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 int10    | integer                     |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
 text1    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text2    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text3    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text4    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text5    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text6    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text7    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text8    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text9    | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 text10   | text                        |           |          |         | extended |              |   
 crt_time | timestamp without time zone |           |          |         | plain    |              |   
Access method: zedstore

\timing  
  
insert into t_heap  
select  
id,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
clock_timestamp()  
from   
generate_series(1,10000000) t(id);  
  
INSERT 0 10000000  
Time: 55137.382 ms (00:55.137)

checkpoint;  
  
insert into t_zedstore  
select  
id,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
clock_timestamp()  
from   
generate_series(1,10000000) t(id);  
  
INSERT 0 10000000  
Time: 156857.767 ms (02:36.858)

postgres=# \dt+  
                              List of relations  
 Schema |    Name    | Type  |  Owner   | Persistence |  Size   | Description   
--------+------------+-------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------  
 public | t_heap     | table | postgres | permanent   | 4113 MB |   
 public | t_zedstore | table | postgres | permanent   | 1941 MB |   
(2 rows)

Statistical analysis test:

postgres=# explain select int1,count(*) from t_heap group by 1;  
                              QUERY PLAN                                 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------  
 HashAggregate  (cost=676315.01..676315.12 rows=11 width=12)  
   Group Key: int1  
   ->  Seq Scan on t_heap  (cost=0.00..626315.34 rows=9999934 width=4)  
(3 rows)  
  
Time: 0.405 ms  
postgres=# explain select int1,count(*) from t_zedstore group by 1;  
                                QUERY PLAN                                   
---------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 HashAggregate  (cost=151860.92..151861.03 rows=11 width=12)  
   Group Key: int1  
   ->  Seq Scan on t_zedstore  (cost=0.00..101861.95 rows=9999795 width=4)  
(3 rows)  
  
Time: 0.155 ms

postgres=# select int1,count(*) from t_zedstore group by 1;  
 int1 |  count    
------+---------  
    5 |  999956  
    4 | 1000395  
   10 |  501530  
    6 |  998901  
    2 |  999192  
    7 | 1000936  
    1 |  999489  
    8 |  998940  
    9 | 1000325  
    3 | 1000801  
    0 |  499535  
(11 rows)  
  
Time: 1343.633 ms (00:01.344)  
  
postgres=# select text1,count(*) from t_zedstore group by 1;  
              text1               |  count    
----------------------------------+---------  
 c4ca4238a0b923820dcc509a6f75849b | 1001059  
 8f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543 |  999705  
 d3d9446802a44259755d38e6d163e820 |  499813  
 1679091c5a880faf6fb5e6087eb1b2dc | 1001648  
 e4da3b7fbbce2345d7772b0674a318d5 |  999392  
 eccbc87e4b5ce2fe28308fd9f2a7baf3 |  999374  
 cfcd208495d565ef66e7dff9f98764da |  501183  
 c9f0f895fb98ab9159f51fd0297e236d | 1001479  
 45c48cce2e2d7fbdea1afc51c7c6ad26 |  998835  
 a87ff679a2f3e71d9181a67b7542122c |  999037  
 c81e728d9d4c2f636f067f89cc14862c |  998475  
(11 rows)  
  
Time: 1863.111 ms (00:01.863)

postgres=# select int1,count(*) from t_heap group by 1;  
 int1 |  count    
------+---------  
    5 | 1000662  
    4 |  999872  
   10 |  499901  
    6 | 1000942  
    2 | 1000378  
    7 |  999201  
    1 | 1001494  
    8 |  998922  
    9 |  998764  
    3 |  999863  
    0 |  500001  
(11 rows)  
  
Time: 2655.144 ms (00:02.655)  
  
postgres=# select text1,count(*) from t_heap group by 1;  
              text1               |  count    
----------------------------------+---------  
 c4ca4238a0b923820dcc509a6f75849b |  999925  
 8f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543 | 1000277  
 d3d9446802a44259755d38e6d163e820 |  497869  
 1679091c5a880faf6fb5e6087eb1b2dc | 1000732  
 e4da3b7fbbce2345d7772b0674a318d5 |  999516  
 eccbc87e4b5ce2fe28308fd9f2a7baf3 | 1002371  
 cfcd208495d565ef66e7dff9f98764da |  500511  
 c9f0f895fb98ab9159f51fd0297e236d |  996678  
 45c48cce2e2d7fbdea1afc51c7c6ad26 | 1000367  
 a87ff679a2f3e71d9181a67b7542122c | 1001158  
 c81e728d9d4c2f636f067f89cc14862c | 1000596  
(11 rows)  
  
Time: 3062.112 ms (00:03.062)

alter table t_heap add constraint pk primary key(id);  
alter table t_zedstore add constraint pk1 primary key(id);  
  
postgres=# \di+  
                                 List of relations  
 Schema | Name | Type  |  Owner   |   Table    | Persistence |  Size  | Description   
--------+------+-------+----------+------------+-------------+--------+-------------  
 public | pk   | index | postgres | t_heap     | permanent   | 214 MB |   
 public | pk1  | index | postgres | t_zedstore | permanent   | 214 MB |   
(2 rows)

Large width indicates fine KV query test:

vi test1.sql  
  
\set id random(1,10000000)  
select * from t_heap where id=:id;  
select * from t_zedstore where id=:id;

pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -f ./test1.sql -c 52 -j 52 -T 120  
  
transaction type: ./test1.sql  
scaling factor: 1  
query mode: prepared  
number of clients: 52  
number of threads: 52  
duration: 120 s  
number of transactions actually processed: 6932745  
latency average = 0.900 ms  
latency stddev = 0.176 ms  
tps = 57772.190636 (including connections establishing)  
tps = 57774.347762 (excluding connections establishing)  
statement latencies in milliseconds:  
         0.001  \set id random(1,10000000)  
         0.061  select * from t_heap where id=:id;  
         0.838  select * from t_zedstore where id=:id;

High Concurrency update test:

vi test2.sql  
  
\set id random(1,100000000)  
insert into t_heap values (:id,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
clock_timestamp()  
) on conflict (id)   
do update set   
int1=excluded.int1,  
int2=excluded.int2,  
int3=excluded.int3,  
int4=excluded.int4,  
int5=excluded.int5,  
int6=excluded.int6,  
int7=excluded.int7,  
int8=excluded.int8,  
int9=excluded.int9,  
int10=excluded.int10,  
text1=excluded.text1,  
text2=excluded.text2,  
text3=excluded.text3,  
text4=excluded.text4,  
text5=excluded.text5,  
text6=excluded.text6,  
text7=excluded.text7,  
text8=excluded.text8,  
text9=excluded.text9,  
text10=excluded.text10,  
crt_time=excluded.crt_time;  
insert into t_zedstore values (:id,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
clock_timestamp()  
) on conflict (id)   
do update set   
int1=excluded.int1,  
int2=excluded.int2,  
int3=excluded.int3,  
int4=excluded.int4,  
int5=excluded.int5,  
int6=excluded.int6,  
int7=excluded.int7,  
int8=excluded.int8,  
int9=excluded.int9,  
int10=excluded.int10,  
text1=excluded.text1,  
text2=excluded.text2,  
text3=excluded.text3,  
text4=excluded.text4,  
text5=excluded.text5,  
text6=excluded.text6,  
text7=excluded.text7,  
text8=excluded.text8,  
text9=excluded.text9,  
text10=excluded.text10,  
crt_time=excluded.crt_time;

pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -f ./test2.sql -c 52 -j 52 -T 120  
  
  
  
progress: 1.0 s, 1096.0 tps, lat 6.098 ms stddev 2.041  
progress: 2.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
progress: 3.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
progress: 4.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
progress: 5.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
progress: 6.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
progress: 7.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
progress: 8.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
progress: 9.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000  
  
postgres=# select wait_event from pg_stat_activity ;  
     wait_event        
---------------------  
 AutoVacuumMain  
 LogicalLauncherMain  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 page  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 page  
 page  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 page  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 page  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 page  
 buffer_content  
 page  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 page  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
 buffer_content  
   
 BgWriterHibernate  
 CheckpointerMain  
 WalWriterMain

There are a large number of conflicts, and changing it to do nothing still leads to a large number of conflicts. Currently, the high-concurrency write operation in zedstore has some problems.

insert into t_zedstore values (:id,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
random()*10,  
random()*100,  
random()*1000,  
random()*10000,  
random()*100000,  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*1000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*10000)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
md5((random()*100)::int::text),  
clock_timestamp()  
) on conflict (id)   
do nothing;

pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -f ./test2.SQL -c 52 -j 52 -T 120
progress:1.0 s, 9536.4 tps, lat 5.403 ms stddev 2.373
progress:2.0 s, 9579.0 tps, lat 5.421 ms stddev 2.730
progress:3.0 s, 9886.0 tps, lat 5.265 ms stddev 2.483
progress:4.0 s, 10011.0 tps, lat 5.201 ms stddev 2.710
progress:5.0 s, 10345.0 tps, lat 5.026 ms stddev 2.434
progress:6.0 s, 9983.0 tps, lat 5.188 ms stddev 2.554
progress:7.0 s, 9892.0 tps, lat 5.277 ms stddev 2.674
progress:8.0 s, 10375.0 tps, lat 5.011 ms stddev 2.390
progress:9.0 s, 10059.0 tps, lat 5.165 ms stddev 2.678
progress:10.0 s, 10123.0 tps, lat 5.135 ms stddev 2.470
progress:11.0 s, 5129.5 tps, lat 4.941 ms stddev 2.311
progress:12.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000
progress:13.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000
progress:14.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000
progress:15.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000
progress:16.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000
progress:17.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000
progress:18.0 s, 0.0 tps, lat 0.000 ms stddev 0.000

Waiting for page lock:

[root@iZbp135pwcjjoxqgfpw9k1Z ~]# pstack 41065
#0 0x00007f5441b9ae43 in __epoll_wait_nocancel () from /lib64/libc.so.6
#1 0x000000000075888e in WaitEventSetWait ()
#2 0x0000000000758ce9 in WaitLatchOrSocket ()
#3 0x00000000007701df in ProcSleep ()
#4 0x0000000000764cef in WaitOnLock ()
#5 0x0000000000766076 in LockAcquireExtended ()
#6 0x0000000000763f46 in LockPage ()
#7 0x000000000052d0e3 in zsundo_trim ()
#8 0x000000000052e32e in zsundo_get_oldest_undo_ptr ()
#9 0x0000000000520b95 in zsbt_tid_begin_scan ()
#10 0x000000000052a54f in zedstoream_fetch_row ()
#11 0x000000000052a9c1 in zedstoream_index_fetch_tuple ()
#12 0x00000000004d29b2 in index_fetch_heap ()
#13 0x00000000004d2a1b in index_getnext_slot ()
#14 0x000000000062cd2b in check_exclusion_or_unique_constraint ()
#15 0x000000000062d73e in ExecCheckIndexConstraints ()
#16 0x0000000000653de6 in ExecInsert ()
#17 0x0000000000655219 in ExecModifyTable ()
#18 0x000000000062e092 in standard_ExecutorRun ()
#19 0x000000000077c02a in ProcessQuery ()
#20 0x000000000077c258 in PortalRunMulti ()
#21 0x000000000077cc6d in PortalRun ()
#22 0x000000000077a902 in PostgresMain ()
#23 0x0000000000482278 in ServerLoop ()
#24 0x0000000000709d63 in PostmasterMain ()
#25 0x0000000000482ebe in main ()

Wait for buffer_content lock:

[root@iZbp135pwcjjoxqgfpw9k1Z ~]# pstack 41063
#0 0x00007f544279aafb in do_futex_wait.constprop.1 () from /lib64/libpthread.so.0
#1 0x00007f544279ab8f in __new_sem_wait_slow.constprop.0 () from /lib64/libpthread.so.0
#2 0x00007f544279ac2b in sem_wait@@GLIBC_2.2.5 () from /lib64/libpthread.so.0
#3 0x00000000006f7f52 in PGSemaphoreLock ()
#4 0x0000000000769a5c in LWLockAcquire ()
#5 0x000000000051c8c3 in zsbt_descend ()
#6 0x0000000000521143 in zsbt_tid_multi_insert ()
#7 0x0000000000528010 in zedstoream_insert_speculative ()
#8 0x000000000065417f in ExecInsert ()
#9 0x0000000000655219 in ExecModifyTable ()
#10 0x000000000062e092 in standard_ExecutorRun ()
#11 0x000000000077c02a in ProcessQuery ()
#12 0x000000000077c258 in PortalRunMulti ()
#13 0x000000000077cc6d in PortalRun ()
#14 0x000000000077a902 in PostgresMain ()
#15 0x0000000000482278 in ServerLoop ()
#16 0x0000000000709d63 in PostmasterMain ()
#17 0x0000000000482ebe in main ()

Performance comparison:

Database Engine	Storage Capacity	OLTP KV Query	OLAP Column-Level Aggregate Statistics
heap	10 million 4GB	0.061 milliseconds	2.6 seconds
zedstore	10 million 2GB	0.838 milliseconds	1.3 seconds

There is still a problem with the concurrent writing of zedstore. There is no problem with the query.

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Use Mixed Storage of Rows and Columns in PostgreSQL Zedstore

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